Abstract
A new microfluidic reaction chip capable of mixing, transporting and controlling reactions has been developed for the size-tunable synthesis of gold nanoparticles. This chip allows for an accelerated and efficient approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The microfluidic reaction chip is made by computer-numerically controlled machining and PDMS casting processes, which integrate a micro-mixer, a normally closed valve and a micro-pump onto a single chip. The micro-mixer is capable of generating a vortex-type flow field, which achieves a mixing efficiency as high as 95% within 1 s. Successful synthesis of dispersed gold nanoparticles has been demonstrated within an 83% shorter period of time (13 min), as compared to traditional methods (around 2 h). By using different volumes of reagents, the dispersed gold nanoparticles are found to have average diameters of 19, 28, 37 and 58 nm. The optical absorption spectra indicate that these synthesized nanoparticles have different surface plasmon resonance peaks, which are 521, 525, 530 and 537 nm, respectively. The development of this microfluidic reaction system holds promise for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles for further biomedical applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- C + :
-
Normalized concentration
- CCD:
-
Charge-coupled-device
- CNC:
-
Computer-numerically controlled
- r :
-
Radial distance
- D :
-
Diameter of the mixing chamber
- D + :
-
Normalized location measured across the center of the mixing chamber (r/D)
- DI:
-
Deionized
- EMV:
-
Electromagnetic valve
- LCD:
-
Liquid crystal display
- MEMS:
-
Micro-electro-mechanical-systems
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- PMMA:
-
Polymethylmethacrylate
- SPR:
-
Surface plasmon resonance
- TE:
-
Thermo-electric
- TEM:
-
Tunneling electron microscope
- UV–vis:
-
Ultraviolet–visible
References
Auroux PA, Iossifidis D, Reyes DR, Manz A (2002) Micro total analysis systems. 2. Analytical standard operations and applications. Anal Chem 74:2637–2652
Chan WCW, Nie S (1998) Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 281:2016–2018
Chang CC, Yang RJ (2004) Computational analysis of electrokinetically driven flow mixing in microchannels with patterned blocks. J Micromech Microeng 14:550–558
Chung SH, Hoffmann A, Bader SD, Liu C, Kay B, Makowski L, Chen L (2004) Biological sensors based on Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 85:2971–2973
deMello AJ (2006) Control and detection of chemical reactions in microfluidic systems. Nature 422:394–402
Deng JP, Wu C, Yang CH, Mou CY (2005) Pyrene-assisted synthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Langmuir 21:8947–8951
Ghosh SK, Pal A, Kundu S, Nath S, Pal T (2004) Fluorescence quenching of 1-methylaminopyrene near gold nanoparticles: size regime dependence of the small metallic particles. Chem Phys Lett 935:366–372
Gu H, Xu K, Xu C, Xu B (2006) Biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles for protein separation and pathogen detection. Chem Commun 9:941–949
Gunther A, Jensen KF (2006) Multiphase microfluidics: from flow characteristics to chemical and materials synthesis. Lab Chip 6:1487–1503
He P, Zhu X (2007) Phospholipid-assisted synthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles. Mater Res Bull 42:1310–1315
Hone DC, Haines AH, Russell DA (2003) Rapid, quantitative colorimetric detection of a lectin using mannose-stabilized gold nanoparticles. Langmuir 19:7141–7144
Hsiung SK, Lee CH, Lin JL, Lee GB (2007) Active micro-mixers utilizing moving wall structures activated pneumatically by buried side chambers. J Micromech Microeng 17:129–138
Huang SB, Wu MH, Cui Z, Cui Z, Lee GB (2008) A membrane-based serpentine-shape pneumatic micropump with pumping performance modulated by fluidic resistance. J Micromech Microeng. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/18/4/045008
Hung LH, Lee AP (2007) Microfluidic devices for the synthesis of nanoparticles and biomaterials. J Med Biol Eng 27:1–6
Jiang W, Papa E, Fischer H, Mardyani S, Chan WCW (2004) Semiconductor quantum dots as contrast agents for whole animal imaging. Nat Biotechnol 22:607–609
Kohler JM, Abahmane L, Wagner J, Albert J, Mayer G (2008) Preparation of metal nanoparticles with varied composition for catalytical applications in microreactors. Chem Eng Sci 63:5048–5055
Lee WB, Weng CH, Cheng FY, Yeh CS, Lei HY, Lee GB (2009) Biomedical microdevices synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using a microfluidic system. Biomed Microdevices 11:161–171
Liang Z, Zhang J, Wang L, Song S, Fan C, Li G (2007) A centrifugation-based method for preparation of gold nanoparticles and its application in biodetection. J Mol Sci 8:526–532
Panyam J, Labhasetwar V (2003) Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 55:329–347
Penn SG, He L, Natan MJ (2003) Nanoparticles for bioanalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7:609–615
Sato Y, Hosokawa K, Maeda M (2008) Detection of non-cross-linking interaction between DNA-modified gold nanoparticles and a DNA-modified flat gold surface using surface plasmon resonance imaging on a microchip. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 62:71–76
Sau TK, Pal A, Jana NR, Wang ZL, Pal T (2001) Size controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles using photochemically prepared seed particles. J Nanopart Res 3:257–261
Sereemaspun A, Rojanathanes R, Wiwanitkit V (2008) Effect of gold nanoparticle on renal cell: an implication for exposure risk. Ren Fail 30:323–325
Shalom D, Wootton RCR, Winkle RF, Cottam BF, Vilar R, deMello AJ, Wilde CP (2007) Synthesis of thiol functionalized gold nanoparticles using a continuous flow microfluidic reactor. Mater Lett 61:1146–1150
Song Y, Kumar CS, Hormes J (2004) Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using a continuous flow polymeric micro reactor. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4:788–793
Song Y, Modrow H, Henry LL, Saw CK, Doomes EE, Palshin V, Hormes J, Kumar CSSR (2006) Microfluidic synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles. Chem Mater 18:2817–2827
Song Y, Hormes J, Kumar CSSR (2008) Microfluidic synthesis of nanomaterials. Small 4:698–711
Sugano K, Yamada H, Ichihashi O, Tsuchiya T, Tabata O (2006) Fabrication of gold nanoparticle using pulsed mixing method with valveless micropumps. The 19th IEEE MEMS, pp 546–549
Sugimoto T (2003) Formation of monodispersed nano- and micro-particles controlled in size, shape, and internal structure. Chem Eng Technol 26:313–321
Taton TA, Lu G, Mirkin CA (2001) Two-color labeling of oligonucleotide arrays via size-selective scattering of nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc 123:5164–5165
Tseng HY, Wang CH, Lin WY, Lee GB (2007) Membrane-activated microfluidic rotary devices for pumping and mixing. Biomed Microdevices 9:545–554
Wagner J, Kohler JM (2005) Continuous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in a microreactor. Nano Lett 5:685–691
Wang CH, Lee GB (2006) Pneumatically driven peristaltic micropumps utilizing serpentine-shape channels. J Micromech Microeng 16:341–348
Weng CH, Huang CC, Yeh CS, Lei HY, Lee GB (2008) Synthesis of hexagonal gold nanoparticles using a microfluidic reaction system. J Micromech Microeng. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/18/3/035019
Xi D, Luo X, Ning Q, Lu Q, Yao K, Liu Z (2007) The detection of HBV DNA with gold nanoparticle gene probes. J Nanjing Med Univ 21:207–212
Yang YN, Hsiung SK, Lee GB (2008) A pneumatic micropump incorporated with a normally closed valve capable of generating a high pumping rate and a high back pressure. Microfluid Nanofluid. doi:10.1007/s10404-008-0356-7
Yang SY, Lin JL, Lee GB (2009) A vortex-type micromixer utilizing pneumatically driven membranes. J Micromech Microeng. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/19/3/035020
Yonezawa T, Kunitake T (1999) Practical preparation of anionic mercapto ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles and their immobilization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 149:193–199
Yonezawa T, Sutoh M, Kunitake T (1997) Practical preparation of size-controlled gold nanoparticles in water. Chem Lett 7:619–620
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided to this study by the National Science Council of Taiwan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, SY., Cheng, FY., Yeh, CS. et al. Size-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a micro-mixing system. Microfluid Nanofluid 8, 303–311 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0461-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0461-2