nach oben

Flow, Turbulence and Combustion

Erschienen in:

05.01.2018

The Effect of Fuel-Injection Timing on In-cylinder Flow and Combustion Performance in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

verfasst von: Lewis Gene Clark, Sanghoon Kook, Qing Nian Chan, Evatt Hawkes

Erschienen in: Flow, Turbulence and Combustion | Ausgabe 1/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This study applies particle image velocimetry (PIV) to an optical spark-ignition direct-injection engine in order to investigate the effects of fuel-injection on in-cylinder flow. Five injection timing combinations, each employing a stoichiometric 1:1 split ratio double-injection strategy, were analysed at an engine speed of 1200 RPM and an intake pressure of 100 kPa. Timings ranged from two injections in the intake stroke to two injections in the compression stroke, resulting in a variety of in-cylinder environments from well-mixed to highly turbulent. PIV images were acquired at a sampling frequency of 5 kHz on a selected swirl plane. The flow fields were decomposed into mean and fluctuating components via two spatial filtering approaches — one using a fixed 8 mm cut-off length, and the other using a mean flow speed scaled cut-off length which was tuned in order to match the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profile of a 300 Hz temporal filter. From engine performance tests, the in-cylinder pressure traces, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and combustion phasing data showed very high sensitivity to injection timing variations. To explain the observed trend, correspondence between the measured flow and these performance parameters was evaluated. An expected global trend of increasing turbulence with retarded injection timing was clearly observed; however, relationships between TKE and burn rate were not as obvious as anticipated, suggesting that turbulence is not the predominant factor associated with injection timing variations which impacts engine performance. Stronger links were observed between bulk flow velocity and burn rate, particularly during the early stages of flame development. Injection timing was also found to have a significant impact on combustion stability, where it was observed that low-frequency flow fluctuation intensity revealed strong similarities with the coefficient of variance (CoV) of IMEP, suggesting that these fluctuations are a suitable measure of cycle-to-cycle variation — likely due to the influence of bulk flow on flame kernel development.

Vorheriger Artikel Correlation of Spatial and Temporal Filtering Methods for Turbulence Quantification in Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine Flows

Nächster Artikel Large Eddy Simulations of the Darmstadt Turbulent Stratified Flames with REDIM Reduced Kinetics

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Bradley, D., Haq, M.Z., Hicks, R.A., Kitagawa, T., Lawes, M., Sheppard, C.G.W., Woolley, R.: Turbulent burning velocity, burned gas distribution, and associated flame surface definition. Combust. Flame 133(4), 415–430 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00039-7 CrossRef

Gillespie, L., Lawes, M., Sheppard, C.G.W., Woolley, R.: Aspects of laminar and turbulent burning velocity relevant to SI engines. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0192 (724) (2000). https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0192

zur Loye, A.O., Bracco, F.: Two-Dimensional Visualization of Premixed-Charge flame structure in an IC engine SAE technical paper 870454 (1987). https://doi.org/10.4271/870454

Bopp, S., Vafidis, C., Whitelaw, J.H.: The effect of engine speed on the TDC flowfield in a motored reciprocating engine. SAE technical paper 860023 (1986)

Alger, T., Mcgee, J., Gallant, E., Wooldridge, S.: PIV In-cylinder flow measurements of swirl and the effect of combustion chamber design. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1952 (2004). https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1952

Peters, N.: The turbulent burning velocity for large-scale and small-scale turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 384, 107–132 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112098004212 CrossRefMATH

Hall, M., Bracco, F.: A study of velocities and turbulence intensities measured in firing and motored engines. SAE Technical Paper 870453 (1987). https://doi.org/10.4271/870453

Erdil, A., Kodal, A.: A comparative study of turbulent velocity fields in an internal combustion engine with shrouded valve and flat/bowl piston configurations. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 221(12), 1597–1607 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES762 CrossRef

Li, Y., Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Ladommatos, N.: Particle image velocimetry measurement of in-cylinder flow in internal combustion engines - experiment and flow structure analysis. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D 216 (1), 65–81 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1243/0954407021528913

10.

Fischer, J., Velji, A., Spicher, U.: Investigation of cycle-to-cycle variations of in-cylinder processes in gasoline direct injection engines operating with variable tumble systems. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0044 (2004). https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0044

11.

Kapitza, L., Imberdis, O., Bensler, H., Willand, J., Thevenin, D.: An experimental analysis of the turbulent structures generated by the intake port of a DISI-engine. Exp. Fluids 48(2), 265–280 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0736-0 CrossRef

12.

Heim, D., Ghandhi, J.: A Detailed Study of In-Cylinder Flow and Turbulence using PIV. SAE Int. J. Engines 4(1), 2011–01–1287 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1287 CrossRef

13.

Kaneko, M., Ikeda, Y., Nakajima, T.: Tumble generator valve (TGV) control of in-cylinder bulk flow and its turbulence near spark plug in SI engine. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1306 (2001)

14.

Pischinger, S., Heywood, J.B.: How heat losses to the spark plug electrodes affect flame kernel development in an SI-engine. SAE Technical Paper 900021 (1990). https://doi.org/10.4271/900021

15.

Pischinger, S., Heywood, J.B.: A model for flame kernel development in a spark-ignition engine. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 23(1), 1033–1040 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80361-9 CrossRef

16.

Johansson, B.: Cycle to cycle variations in S.I. engines - The effects of fluid flow and gas composition in the vicinity of the spark plug on early combustion. SAE Technical Paper 962084 (1996). https://doi.org/10.4271/962084

17.

Beretta, G., Rashidi, M., Keck, J.: Turbulent flame propagation and combustion in spark ignition engines. Combust. Flame 52, 217–245 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(83)90135-9 CrossRef

18.

Le Coz, J.F.: Cycle-to-cycle correlations between flow field and combustion initiation in an S.I. engine. SAE Technical Paper 920517 (1992). https://doi.org/10.4271/920517

19.

Buschbeck, M., Bittner, N., Halfmann, T., Arndt, S.: Dependence of combustion dynamics in a gasoline engine upon the in-cylinder flow field, determined by high-speed PIV. Exp. Fluids 53(6), 1701–1712 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-012-1384-3 CrossRef

20.

Rimmer, J.E.T., Long, E.J., Garner, C.P., Hargrave, G.K., Richardson, D., Wallace, S.: The influence of single and multiple injection strategies on in-cylinder flow and combustion within a DISI engine. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0660 (2009). https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0660

21.

Müller, S.H.R., Arndt, S., Dreizler, A.: Analysis of the in-cylinder flow field / spray injection interaction within a DISI IC engine using high-speed PIV. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1288 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1288

22.

Zeng, W., Sjöberg, M., Reuss, D.: Using PIV Measurements to Determine the Role of the In-Cylinder Flow Field for Stratified DISI Engine Combustion. SAE Int. J. Engines 7(2), 2014–01–1237 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1237 CrossRef

23.

Aleiferis, P.G., Behringer, M.K.: Modulation of integral length scales of turbulence in an optical SI engine by direct injection of gasoline, iso-octane, ethanol and butanol fuels. Fuel 189, 238–259 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.087 CrossRef

24.

Zhuang, H., Sick, V., Chen, H.: Impact of fuel sprays on in-cylinder flow length scales in a spark-ignition direct-injection engine. SAE Int. J. Engines 10(3), 2017–01–0618 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0618 CrossRef

25.

Disch, C., Kubach, H., Spicher, U., Pfeil, J., Altenschmidt, F., Schaupp, U.: Investigations of spray-induced vortex structures during multiple injections of a DISI engine in stratified operation using high-speed-PIV. SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0563 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0563

26.

Fajardo, C., Sick, V.: Flow field assessment in a fired spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection engine based on UV particle image velocimetry with sub crank angle resolution. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31 II, 3023–3031 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.016 CrossRef

27.

Zeng, W., Sjöberg, M., Reuss, D.L., Hu, Z.: The role of spray-enhanced swirl flow for combustion stabilization in a stratified-charge DISI engine. Combust. Flame 168(x), 166–185 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.03.015 CrossRef

28.

Bode, J., Schorr, J., Krüger, C., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: Influence of three-dimensional in-cylinder flows on cycle-to-cycle variations in a fired stratified DISI engine measured by time-resolved dual-plane PIV. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 3477–3485 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.106 CrossRef

29.

Stiehl, R., Schorr, J., Krüger, C., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: In-cylinder flow and fuel spray interactions in a stratified spray-guided gasoline engine investigated by high-speed laser imaging techniques. Flow Turbul. Combust. 91(3), 431–450 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-013-9500-x CrossRef

30.

Stiehl, R., Bode, J., Schorr, J., Krüger, C., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: Influence of intake geometry variations on in-cylinder flow and flow–spray interactions in a stratified direct-injection spark-ignition engine captured by time-resolved particle image velocimetry. Int. J. Engine Res. 17(9), 983–997 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087416633541 CrossRef

31.

Salazar, V., Kaiser, S.: Interaction of intake-induced flow and injection jet in a direct-injection hydrogen-fueled engine measured by PIV. SAE technical paper 2011-01-0673 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0673

32.

Kim, T., Song, J., Park, S.: Effects of turbulence enhancement on combustion process using a double injection strategy in direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) gasoline engines. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 56, 124–136 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2015.07.013 CrossRef

33.

Peterson, B., Baum, E., Ding, C.P., Michaelis, D., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: Assessment and application of tomographic PIV for the spray-induced flow in an IC engine. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 3472–3475 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.114 CrossRef

34.

Yang, J., Anderson, R.W.: Fuel injection strategies to increase full-load torque output of a direct-injection SI engine. SAE technical paper 980495 (1998). https://doi.org/10.4271/980495

35.

Su, J., Xu, M., Yin, P., Gao, Y., Hung, D.: Particle number emissions reduction using multiple injection strategies in a boosted spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) gasoline engine. SAE Int. J. Engines 8(1), 2014–01–2845 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2845 CrossRef

36.

Oh, H., Bae, C., Park, J., Jeon, J.: Effect of the multiple injection on stratified combustion characteristics in a spray-guided DISI engine. SAE technical paper 2011-24-0059 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-24-0059

37.

Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P., Richardson, D., Wallace, S.: Spray development, flow interactions and wall impingement in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. SAE technical paper 2007-01-2712 (2007). https://doi.org/10.4271/207-01-2712

38.

Parrish, S.E., Zhang, G., Zink, R.J.: liquid and vapor envelopes of sprays from a multi-hole fuel injector operating under closely-spaced double-injection conditions. SAE Int. J. Engines 5(2), 2012–01–0462 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0462 CrossRef

39.

Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., Richardson, D., Wallace, S.: Mixture preparation and combustion variability in a spray-guided DISI engine. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-4033 (724) 776–790 (2007). https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-4033

40.

Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., Richardson, D.: An experimental database on the effects of single- and split injection strategies on spray formation and spark discharge in an optical direct-injection spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline, iso -octane and alcohols. Int. J. Engine Res. 16(7), 851–896 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087414554936 CrossRef

41.

Daniel, R., Wang, C., Xu, H., Tian, G.: Split-Injection strategies under full-load using DMF, a new biofuel candidate, compared to ethanol in a GDI engine (Di) (2012). https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0403

42.

Clark, L.G., Kook, S., Chan, Q.N., Hawkes, E.R.: Influence of injection timing for split-injection strategies on well-mixed high-load combustion performance in an optically accessible spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine. SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0657 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0657

43.

Clark, L., Kook, S.: Correlation of spatial and temporal filtering methods for turbulence quantification in spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine flows. Under review - submitted to flow, turbulence and combustion (2017)

44.

Chan, Q.N., Bao, Y., Kook, S.: Effects of injection pressure on the structural transformation of flash-boiling sprays of gasoline and ethanol in a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine. Fuel 130, 228–240 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.015 CrossRef

45.

Thielicke, W., Stamhuis, E.J.: PIVLab - towards user-friendly, affordable and accurate digital particle image velocimetry in MATLAB. Journal of Open Research Software, 2 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.bl

46.

Thielicke, W.: The flapping flight of birds: analysis and application. PhD Thesis. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/382783069 (2014)

47.

Keane, R.D., Adrian, R.J.: Optimization of particle image velocimeters. Part I : Double pulsed systems. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1, 1202–1215 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/1/11/013 CrossRef

48.

Hinze, J.: Turbulence, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York (1975)

49.

Towers, D.P., Towers, C.E.: Cyclic variability measurements of in-cylinder engine flows using high-speed particle image velocimetry. Meas. Sci. Technol. 15 (9), 1917–1925 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/15/9/032 CrossRef

50.

Jarvis, S., Justham, T., Clarke, A., Garner, C., Hargrave, G., Richardson, D.: Motored SI IC engine in-cylinder flow field measurement using time resolved digital PIV for characterisation of cyclic variation. SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1044 (2006). https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1044

51.

Le, M.K., Furui, T., Nishiyama, A., Ikeda, Y.: Application of high-speed PIV diagnostics for simultaneous investigation of flow field and spark ignited flame inside an optical SI engine. SAE Int. J. Engines 10(3), 2017–01–0656 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0656 CrossRef

52.

Roudnitzky, S., Druault, P., Guibert, P.: Proper orthogonal decomposition of in-cylinder engine flow into mean component, coherent structures and random Gaussian fluctuations. J. Turbul. 7 (October), 1–19 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/14685240600806264

53.

Chen, H., Reuss, D.L., Hung, D.L., Sick, V.: A practical guide for using proper orthogonal decomposition in engine research. Int. J. Engine Res. 14(4), 307–319 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087412455748 CrossRef

54.

Chen, H., Xu, M., Hung, D.L.: Analyzing in-cylinder flow evolution and variations in a spark-ignition direct-injection engine using phase-invariant proper orthogonal decomposition technique. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1174 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1174

55.

Funk, C., Sick, V., Reuss, D.L., Dahm, W.J.A.: Turbulence properties of high and low swirl in-cylinder flows. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2841 (2002)

56.

Reuss, D.L.: Cyclic variability of large-scale turbulent structures in directed and undirected IC engine flows. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0246 (2000). https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0246

57.

Taylor, G.: The spectrum of turbulence. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 164(919), 476–490 (1938). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1938.0032 CrossRefMATH

58.

Heywood, J.B.: Internal combustion engine fundamentals, vol. 21. McGraw Hill, New York (1988)

59.

Ahmed, S.F., Mastorakos, E.: Spark ignition of lifted turbulent jet flames. Combust. Flame 146(1–2), 215–231 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.03.007 CrossRef

60.

Mastorakos, E.: Ignition of turbulent non-premixed flames. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 35(1), 57–97 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2008.07.002 CrossRef

61.

Galloni, E.: Analyses about parameters that affect cyclic variation in a spark ignition engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 29(5-6), 1131–1137 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.06.001 CrossRef

62.

Deschamps, B., Snyder, R., Baritaud, T.: Effect of flow and gasoline stratification on combustion in a 4-Valve SI engine. SAE Technical Paper 941993 (1994). https://doi.org/10.4271/941993

Titel: The Effect of Fuel-Injection Timing on In-cylinder Flow and Combustion Performance in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
verfasst von: Lewis Gene Clark
Sanghoon Kook
Qing Nian Chan
Evatt Hawkes
Publikationsdatum: 05.01.2018
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Flow, Turbulence and Combustion / Ausgabe 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1386-6184
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1987
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9887-x

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2018

In-Cylinder Temperature Measurements in a Motored IC Engine using TDLAS

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Turbulent Hot-Jet Ignition for Air-CH4-H2 Deflagration in a Confined Volume

Simulation of Transverse Combustion Instability in a Multi-Injector Combustor using the Time-Domain Impedance Boundary Conditions

Correlation of Spatial and Temporal Filtering Methods for Turbulence Quantification in Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine Flows

DNS Study of Dust Particle Resuspension in a Fusion Reactor Induced by a Transonic Jet into Vacuum

Large Eddy Simulations of the Darmstadt Turbulent Stratified Flames with REDIM Reduced Kinetics

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten