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Model of seismic design lateral force levels for the existing reinforced concrete European building stock

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Abstract

As part of the development of a European Seismic Risk Model 2020 (ESRM20), the spatial and temporal evolution of seismic design across Europe has been studied in order to better classify reinforced concrete buildings (which represent more than 30% of the approximately 145 million residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Europe) and map them to vulnerability models based on simulated seismic design. This paper summarises the model that has been developed to assign the years when different seismic design levels (low code, moderate code and high code) were introduced in a number of European countries and the associated lateral forces that were specified spatially within each country for the low and moderate codes for typical reinforced concrete mid-rise buildings. This process has led to an improved understanding of how design regulations evolved across Europe and how this has impacted the vulnerability of the European residential building stock. The model estimates that ~ 60% of the reinforced concrete buildings in Europe have been seismically designed, and of those buildings ~ 60% have been designed to low code, ~ 25% to moderate code and 15% to high code. This seismic design model aims at being a dynamic source of information that will be continuously updated with additional feedback from local experts and datasets. To this end, all of the data has been made openly available as shapefiles on a GitLab repository.

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Data availability

The following GitLab repository includes the Shapefiles of the maps for each country with distribution of lateral force coefficients: https://gitlab.seismo.ethz.ch/efehr/esrm20_exposure/-/tree/master/seismic_design_shapefiles. The data of Fig. 3 is also available through the ‘Evolution of European Seismic Design Levels Viewer’ at the following URL: https://maps.eu-risk.eucentre.it/map/european-seismic-design-levels (Crowley et al. 2020b).

Notes

  1. https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/net/?mod=code.

  2. http://www.iaee.or.jp/worldlist.html.

  3. https://www.eeri.org/products-page/international-conference-on-seismic-zonation/6th-international-conference-on-seismic-zonation-2/.

  4. https://gitlab.seismo.ethz.ch/efehr/esrm20_exposure/-/tree/master/seismic_design_shapefiles.

  5. https://eu-risk.eucentre.it/contributors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful comments, which have greatly helped improve the manuscript. A full list of contributors that have provided feedback and insight for the development of the European exposure model through various workshops and questionnaires is provided here: https://eu-risk.eucentre.it/contributors/#exposure and all those who have provided feedback on design codes in their country are gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

The work presented herein has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the research projects (1) ‘‘SERA’’ Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe, under Grant agreement No.730900 and (2) “RISE” Real-time Earthquake Risk Reduction for a Resilient Europe, under grant agreement No 821115. The 5th to 7th authors would like to thank the financial support of the Base Funding - UIDB/04708/2020 of CONSTRUCT - Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construções, funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). The 21st author has received funding from the Ministry of Science, Education and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia within the project for technological development No.TR35002.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. EUCENTRE, Pavia, Italy

    Helen Crowley, Venetia Despotaki & Jamal Dabbeek

  2. GEM Foundation, Pavia, Italy

    Vitor Silva

  3. Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

    Vitor Silva

  4. CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Xavier Romão, Nuno Pereira & José Miguel Castro

  5. Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany

    James Daniell

  6. Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Enes Veliu

  7. Epoka University, Tirana, Albania

    Huseyin Bilgin

  8. Unit of Applied Mechanics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

    Christoph Adam

  9. Mott MacDonald Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Manya Deyanova

  10. Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Naida Ademović

  11. University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Josip Atalic

  12. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Evi Riga & Anna Karatzetzou

  13. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Bjarni Bessason

  14. Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

    Veronika Shendova

  15. National Institute for Earth Physics, Magurele, Romania

    Alexandru Tiganescu & Dragos Toma-Danila

  16. Innovation Center of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Zeljko Zugic

  17. Boğaziçi University , Istanbul, Turkey

    Sinan Akkar & Ufuk Hancilar

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  1. Helen Crowley
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  2. Venetia Despotaki
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  3. Vitor Silva
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  5. Xavier Romão
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  9. Enes Veliu
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  10. Huseyin Bilgin
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  23. Ufuk Hancilar
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Correspondence to Helen Crowley.

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Appendix

Appendix

This appendix provides the full details for the design codes provided in Table 1.

1.1 Albania

  • Technical provisions for seismic design of constructions, 1952, Decision of the Council of Ministers, Albania (in Albanian).

  • The approval of the regulations for aseismic buildings and for the formation of seismological service in the country, 1963, Decision of the Council of Ministers, Albania (in Albanian).

  • KTP 2-78 (1978) Technical Design Regulations for Construction Works in Seismic Regions, Technical Design Regulations, Book I, Publishing House “8 Nëntori”, Ministry of Construction, Albania, pp.12–48 (in Albanian).

  • KTP-N.2-89 (1989) Technical Aseismic Regulations, Publication of Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Constructions, Tirana (in Albanian), 1989 (in Albanian).

1.2 Austria

  • ÖNORM B 4000-3 (1955) Berechnung und Ausführung der Tragwerke—allgemeine Grundlagen—Windlasten und Erdbebenkräfte (in German) (Translation: Calculation and design of structures—General principles—Wind loads and seismic forces), Austrian Standards Institute

  • ÖNORM B 4015-1 (1979) Erdbebenkräfte an nicht schwingungsanfälligen Bauwerken (Translation: Seismic forces on structures non-vulnerable to vibrations), Austrian Standards Institute, (substational revision in 1997)

  • ÖNORM B 4015-2 (1999) Belastungsannahmen im Bauwesen, Außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen, Erdbebeneinwirkungen, Berechnungsverfahren (Translation: Load assumptions in civil engineering, special loads, earthquake loads, calculation methods), Austrian Standards Institute.

  • ÖNORM B 4015 (2002, 2006) Belastungsannahmen im Bauwesen—Außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen—Erdbebeneinwirkungen, Grundlagen und Berechnungsverfahren (Translation: Load assumptions in civil engineering, special loads, earthquake loads, fundamentals and calculation methods), Austrian Standards Institute.

1.3 Bulgaria

  • Regulations for design and construction of buildings, engineering facilities in the earthquake-prone areas of Bulgaria, Ministry of Construction and Roads, 1947 (NSDC-47)

  • Regulations for design and construction of buildings and engineering facilities in the earthquake-prone areas of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1957 (NSDC-57)

  • Regulations for antiseismic construction, 1961 (NSDC-61)

  • Regulations for construction in earthquake-prone areas, Bulletin of Construction and Architecture N12, Ministry of Construction, 1964 (NSDC-64)

  • Norms for design of buildings and facilities in earthquake-prone areas, Normative base of design and construction, Committee on territorial and settlement construction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1987 (NSDC-87)

1.4 Cyprus

  • CCEAA (1992) Seismic Code for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Cyprus, Editor: Cyprus Civil Engineers and Architects Association. Committee for Earthquake

1.5 France

  • PS-69 (1969) Appendix to French Seismic Code

  • AFPS-90 (1990) Recommendation for the redaction of rules relative to the structures and installations built in regions prone to earthquakes, French Association for Earthquake Engineering, 1990.

1.6 Germany

  • DIN4149 (1957, 1981, 2005) Buildings in German earthquake areas—Design loads, analysis and structural design of buildings

1.7 Greece

  • Royal Decree on the Seismic Code for Building Structures (1959) Government's Gazette, Issue A, No. 36, February 19, 1959, Greece (in Greek).

  • Decree of the Minister of the Environment on the Revision of the 1959 Seismic Code for Building Structures (1984) Government's Gazette, Issue B, No. 239, April 16, 1984, Greece (in Greek).

  • New Greek seismic code: NEAK (1995) Organization of Seismic Planning and Protection, Athens (in Greek)

1.8 Hungary

  • MI-04 133-78 (1978) Technical Guiding Principles, MI-04 133-78, Magyar Szabvanyugyi Hivatal H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.

1.9 Italy

  • D.M. 16 gennaio 1996, Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche, G.U. 5 febbraio 1996, n. 29, s.o.

  • D.M. Infrastrutture e Trasporti 14 gennaio 2008, Norme tecniche per le costruzioni, G.U. 4 febbraio 2008, n. 2, s.o. (NTC 2008).

1.10 Iceland

  • ÍST 13 (1976, 1989). Earthquakes, loads and design rules, Reykjavík, Iðnþróunarstofun Íslands.

  • SI (2002) National Application Documents (NAD) for Iceland, Standards Council of Iceland/Staðlaráð Íslands.

  • SI (2010). Icelandic National Annexes to Eurocodes, Standards Council of Iceland/Staðlaráð Íslands.

1.11 Portugal

  • RSCCS (1958). Regulamento de segurança das construções contra os sismos, Decreto-Lei No. 41658, Lisbon, Portugal.

  • RSEP (1961). Regulamento de solicitações em edifício e pontes, Decreto-Lei No. 44041, Lisbon, Portugal.

  • REBA (1967). Regulamento de estruturas de betão armado, Decreto-Lei No. 47723, Lisbon, Portugal.

  • RSAEEP (1983). Regulamento de segurança e acções para estruturas de edifícios e pontes, Decreto-Lei No. 235/83, Lisboa, Portugal.

  • REBAP (1983). Regulamento de estruturas de betão armado e pré-esforçado, Decreto-Lei No. 235/83, Lisboa, Portugal.

  • NP EN1998-1 (2010). Eurocódigo 8: Projecto de estruturas para resistência aos sismos Parte 1: Regras gerais, acções sísmicas e regras para edifícios. Instituto Português de Qualidade.

1.12 Romania

  • 1941 Ministry of Public Works and Communications, Provisory instructions for preventing building deterioration due to earthquakes and the rehabilitation of damaged buildings (in Romanian), approved through Decision nr. 84351 from 30 December 1941.

  • 1945 Ministry of Communications and Public Works, Instructions for the prevention of buildings deterioration due to earthquakes (in Romanian), approved through Decision nr. 60173 from 19 May 1945.

  • STAS 2923-58 (1958) Commission of Standardisation, General prescriptions for building design in seismic regions. Seismic forces (in Romanian), not approved.

  • P13-63 (1963) State Committee for Constructions, Architecture and Systematization, Code for the Design of Civil and Industrial Buildings in Seismic Zones (in Romanian), approved through Order nr. 306 from 18 July 1963.

  • P13-70 (1970) Ministry of Industrial Construction and State Committee for Economy and Local Administration, Code for the Design of Civil and Industrial Buildings in Seismic Zones (in Romanian), approved through Order nr. 362/N from 31 December 1970.

  • P100-78 (1978) Government and Coordination Council of investment activity, Code for the seismic design of dwellings, social-cultural, agro-zootechnical and industrial buildings (in Romanian), approved through Order nr.23/IX/ from 15 June 1978.

  • P100-81 (1981) Scientific Council of the Institute for Research, Design and Regulation in Constructions, Code for the seismic design of dwellings, social-cultural, agro-zootechnical and industrial buildings (in Romanian) approved through Decision nr. 83 from 21 July 1981 of the Executive Bureau.

  • P100-91 (1991) Ministry of Public Works and Territorial Planning, Code for the seismic design of dwellings, social-cultural, agro-zootechnical and industrial buildings (in Romanian), approved through Order nr.3/N from 1 April 1991.

  • P100-92 (1992) Ministry of Public Works and Territorial Planning, Code for the seismic design of dwellings, social-cultural, agro-zootechnical and industrial buildings (in Romanian), approved through Order nr.3/N din 14 April 1992.

  • P100-1/2006 (2006) Ministry of Transport, Construction and Tourism, Seismic design code—part I: Design prescriptions for buildings (in Romanian), approved through Order nr. 1.711 from 19 September 2006.

  • P100-1/2013 (2013) Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration, Seismic design code—part I: Design prescriptions for buildings (in Romanian), approved through Order nr. 2.465 from 08 August 2013.

1.13 Spain

  • MV 101-1962. Housing Ministry. Official State Bulletin (BOE) 35:1963/02/09, 2207–2225.

  • NCSE-94. Civil Works, Transport and Environment Ministry. Official State Bulletin (BOE) 33:1995/02/08, 3935- 3980.

  • NCSR-02. Fomento Ministry. BOE 244:2002/10/11, 35898—35967.

  • PDS-1 (1974) Part A. Development Planning Ministry. BOE 279: 1974/11/21, 23585 − 23601.

  • PGS-1 (1968) Part A. Government Presidency. BOE 30:1969/02/04, 1658–1675.

1.14 Switzerland

  • SIA 160 (1962, 1989) Actions on structures. Standard. Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Zurich, Switzerland.

  • SIA 261 (2003) Actions on structures. Standard. Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Zurich, Switzerland.

1.15 Turkey

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1944.

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1949.

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1953.

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1968.

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1975.

  • Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey, 1997.

1.16 Former-Yugoslavia

  • Rulebook for Loading of Structures (1948) Part 2, No. 11730, 12 July 1948-RLS2

  • Temporary Technical Provisions for Construction in Seismic Regions (1964), Official Gazette of SFRY No. 39/64

  • Technical Regulations for Construction of Buildings in Seismic Regions (1981), Official Gazette of SFRY No. 31/81, Amendments 49/82, 29/83, 21/88 and 52/90

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Crowley, H., Despotaki, V., Silva, V. et al. Model of seismic design lateral force levels for the existing reinforced concrete European building stock. Bull Earthquake Eng 19, 2839–2865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3

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