Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Biodiversity and Conservation 5/2008

01.05.2008 | Original Paper

Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?

verfasst von: Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Hervé Jactel, John A. Parrotta, Christopher P. Quine, Jeffrey Sayer

Erschienen in: Biodiversity and Conservation | Ausgabe 5/2008

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Losses of natural and semi-natural forests, mostly to agriculture, are a significant concern for biodiversity. Against this trend, the area of intensively managed plantation forests increases, and there is much debate about the implications for biodiversity. We provide a comprehensive review of the function of plantation forests as habitat compared with other land cover, examine the effects on biodiversity at the landscape scale, and synthesise context-specific effects of plantation forestry on biodiversity. Natural forests are usually more suitable as habitat for a wider range of native forest species than plantation forests but there is abundant evidence that plantation forests can provide valuable habitat, even for some threatened and endangered species, and may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity by various mechanisms. In landscapes where forest is the natural land cover, plantation forests may represent a low-contrast matrix, and afforestation of agricultural land can assist conservation by providing complementary forest habitat, buffering edge effects, and increasing connectivity. In contrast, conversion of natural forests and afforestation of natural non-forest land is detrimental. However, regional deforestation pressure for agricultural development may render plantation forestry a ‘lesser evil’ if forest managers protect indigenous vegetation remnants. We provide numerous context-specific examples and case studies to assist impact assessments of plantation forestry, and we offer a range of management recommendations. This paper also serves as an introduction and background paper to this special issue on the effects of plantation forests on biodiversity.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
“Biodiversity and Conservation Biology in Plantation Forests.” Bordeaux, France, 27–29 April 2005. “Biodiversity and Plantation Forests—Oxymoron or Opportunity”, Technical Session at the XXII IUFRO World Congress—Brisbane, Australia, 8 August 2005. “Ecosystem Goods and Services from Planted Forests.” Bilbao, Spain, 3–7 October 2006.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Allan DG, Harrison JA, Navarro RA, van Wilgen BW, Thompson MW (1997) The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa—insights from bird-atlas data. Biol Conserv 79:173–185. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00098-5 Allan DG, Harrison JA, Navarro RA, van Wilgen BW, Thompson MW (1997) The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa—insights from bird-atlas data. Biol Conserv 79:173–185. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(96)00098-5
Zurück zum Zitat Allen RB, Platt KH, Coker REJ (1995) Understorey species composition patterns in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation on the central North Island volcanic plateau, New Zealand. N Z J For Sci 25:301–317 Allen RB, Platt KH, Coker REJ (1995) Understorey species composition patterns in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation on the central North Island volcanic plateau, New Zealand. N Z J For Sci 25:301–317
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson AR (2001) Deforesting and restoring peat bogs: a review. Technical paper 32, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK Anderson AR (2001) Deforesting and restoring peat bogs: a review. Technical paper 32, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong AJ, van Hensbergen HJ (1996) Impacts of afforestation with pines on assemblages of native biota in South Africa. South Afr For J 175:35–42 Armstrong AJ, van Hensbergen HJ (1996) Impacts of afforestation with pines on assemblages of native biota in South Africa. South Afr For J 175:35–42
Zurück zum Zitat Barbaro L, Pontcharraud L, Vetillard F, Guyon D, Jactel H (2005) Comparative responses of bird, carabid, and spider assemblages to stand and landscape diversity in maritime pine plantation forests. Ecoscience 12:110–121. doi:10.2980/i1195-6860-12-1-110.1 Barbaro L, Pontcharraud L, Vetillard F, Guyon D, Jactel H (2005) Comparative responses of bird, carabid, and spider assemblages to stand and landscape diversity in maritime pine plantation forests. Ecoscience 12:110–121. doi:10.​2980/​i1195-6860-12-1-110.​1
Zurück zum Zitat Barbaro L, Rossi JP, Vetillard F, Nezan J, Jactel H (2007) The spatial distribution of birds and carabid beetles in pine plantation forests: the role of landscape composition and structure. J Biogeog 34:652–664 Barbaro L, Rossi JP, Vetillard F, Nezan J, Jactel H (2007) The spatial distribution of birds and carabid beetles in pine plantation forests: the role of landscape composition and structure. J Biogeog 34:652–664
Zurück zum Zitat Barbaro L, Couzi L, Bretagnolle V, Nezan J, Vetillard F (2008) Landscape complementation for breeding and foraging in the declining Eurasian hoopoe (Upupa epops). Biodivers Conserv (this issue) Barbaro L, Couzi L, Bretagnolle V, Nezan J, Vetillard F (2008) Landscape complementation for breeding and foraging in the declining Eurasian hoopoe (Upupa epops). Biodivers Conserv (this issue)
Zurück zum Zitat Barlow J, Gardner TA, Araujo IS, Bonaldo AB, Costa JE, Esposito MC, Ferreira LV, Hawes J, Hernandez MIM, Leite RN, Lo-Man-Hung NF, Malcolm JR, Martins MB, Mestre LAM, Nunes-Gutjahr AL, Overal WL, Parry L, Peters SL, Ribeiro-Junior MA, da Silva Motta C, da Silva MNF, Peres CA (2007) Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary and plantation forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18555–18560. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703333104 PubMed Barlow J, Gardner TA, Araujo IS, Bonaldo AB, Costa JE, Esposito MC, Ferreira LV, Hawes J, Hernandez MIM, Leite RN, Lo-Man-Hung NF, Malcolm JR, Martins MB, Mestre LAM, Nunes-Gutjahr AL, Overal WL, Parry L, Peters SL, Ribeiro-Junior MA, da Silva Motta C, da Silva MNF, Peres CA (2007) Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary and plantation forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18555–18560. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0703333104 PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Barlow J, Araujo IS, Overal WL, Gardner TA, Da Silva Mendes F, Lake I, Peres CA (2008) Diversity and composition of fruit-feeding butterflies in tropical Eucalyptus plantations. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9240-0 Barlow J, Araujo IS, Overal WL, Gardner TA, Da Silva Mendes F, Lake I, Peres CA (2008) Diversity and composition of fruit-feeding butterflies in tropical Eucalyptus plantations. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9240-0
Zurück zum Zitat Benedick H, Hill K, Mustaffa N, Chey VK, Maryati M, Searle B, Schilthuizen M, Hamer KC (2006) Impacts of rain forest fragmentation on butterflies in northern Borneo: species richness, turnover and the value of small fragments. J Appl Ecol 43:967–977. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01209.x Benedick H, Hill K, Mustaffa N, Chey VK, Maryati M, Searle B, Schilthuizen M, Hamer KC (2006) Impacts of rain forest fragmentation on butterflies in northern Borneo: species richness, turnover and the value of small fragments. J Appl Ecol 43:967–977. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2664.​2006.​01209.​x
Zurück zum Zitat Berndt L, Brockerhoff E, Jactel H (2008) Can exotic plantation forests provide surrogate habitat for carabid beetles where native forest is rare? Biodivers Conserv (this issue) Berndt L, Brockerhoff E, Jactel H (2008) Can exotic plantation forests provide surrogate habitat for carabid beetles where native forest is rare? Biodivers Conserv (this issue)
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhard-Reversat F (ed) (2001) Effect of exotic tree plantations on plant diversity and biological soil fertility in the Congo savanna: with special reference to eucalypts. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, p 71 Bernhard-Reversat F (ed) (2001) Effect of exotic tree plantations on plant diversity and biological soil fertility in the Congo savanna: with special reference to eucalypts. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, p 71
Zurück zum Zitat Bills D (2001) The UK Government and certification. Int For Rev 3:323–326 Bills D (2001) The UK Government and certification. Int For Rev 3:323–326
Zurück zum Zitat Brockerhoff EG, Ecroyd CE, Langer ER (2001) Biodiversity in New Zealand plantation forests: policy trends, incentives, and the state of our knowledge. N Z J For 46:31–37 Brockerhoff EG, Ecroyd CE, Langer ER (2001) Biodiversity in New Zealand plantation forests: policy trends, incentives, and the state of our knowledge. N Z J For 46:31–37
Zurück zum Zitat Brockerhoff EG, Ecroyd CE, Leckie AC, Kimberley MO (2003) Diversity and succession of adventive and indigenous vascular understorey plants in Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand. For Ecol Manage 185:307–326 Brockerhoff EG, Ecroyd CE, Leckie AC, Kimberley MO (2003) Diversity and succession of adventive and indigenous vascular understorey plants in Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand. For Ecol Manage 185:307–326
Zurück zum Zitat Brockerhoff EG, Berndt LA, Jactel H (2005) Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation of the critically endangered ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera: Carabidae). N Z J Ecol 29:37–43 Brockerhoff EG, Berndt LA, Jactel H (2005) Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation of the critically endangered ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera: Carabidae). N Z J Ecol 29:37–43
Zurück zum Zitat Buscardo E, Smith GF, Kelly DL, Freitas H, Iremomger S, Mitchell F, O’Donoghue S, Mckee A-M (2008) The early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9275-2 Buscardo E, Smith GF, Kelly DL, Freitas H, Iremomger S, Mitchell F, O’Donoghue S, Mckee A-M (2008) The early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9275-2
Zurück zum Zitat Carle J, Vuorinen P, Del Lungo A (2002) Status and trends in global forest plantation development. For Prod J 52(7/8):12–23 Carle J, Vuorinen P, Del Lungo A (2002) Status and trends in global forest plantation development. For Prod J 52(7/8):12–23
Zurück zum Zitat Carnevale NJ, Montagnini F (2002) Facilitating regeneration of secondary forests with the use of mixed and pure plantations of indigenous tree species. For Ecol Manage 163:217–227 Carnevale NJ, Montagnini F (2002) Facilitating regeneration of secondary forests with the use of mixed and pure plantations of indigenous tree species. For Ecol Manage 163:217–227
Zurück zum Zitat Carnus J-M, Parrotta J, Brockerhoff EG, Arbez M, Jactel H, Kremer A, Lamb D, O’Hara K, Walters B (2006) Planted forests and biodiversity. J For 104(2):65–77 Carnus J-M, Parrotta J, Brockerhoff EG, Arbez M, Jactel H, Kremer A, Lamb D, O’Hara K, Walters B (2006) Planted forests and biodiversity. J For 104(2):65–77
Zurück zum Zitat Carrere R, Lohmann L (1996) Pulping the south: industrial tree plantations and the world paper economy. WRM and Zed Books Ltd, London Carrere R, Lohmann L (1996) Pulping the south: industrial tree plantations and the world paper economy. WRM and Zed Books Ltd, London
Zurück zum Zitat Chan-McLeod ACA, Moy A (2007) Evaluating residual tree patches as stepping stones and short-term refugia for red-legged frogs. J Wildlife Manage 71:1836–1844. doi:10.2193/2006-309 Chan-McLeod ACA, Moy A (2007) Evaluating residual tree patches as stepping stones and short-term refugia for red-legged frogs. J Wildlife Manage 71:1836–1844. doi:10.​2193/​2006-309
Zurück zum Zitat Clapp RA (2001) Tree farming and forest conservation in Chile: do replacement forests leave any originals behind? Soc Nat Resour 14:341–356 Clapp RA (2001) Tree farming and forest conservation in Chile: do replacement forests leave any originals behind? Soc Nat Resour 14:341–356
Zurück zum Zitat Clout MN, Gaze PD (1984) Effects of plantation forestry on birds in New Zealand. J Appl Ecol 21:795–815. doi:10.2307/2405048 Clout MN, Gaze PD (1984) Effects of plantation forestry on birds in New Zealand. J Appl Ecol 21:795–815. doi:10.​2307/​2405048
Zurück zum Zitat Coote L, Kelly DL, Dowding P, Smith GF (2008) Epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in Ireland and the effects of open spaces. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9302-3 Coote L, Kelly DL, Dowding P, Smith GF (2008) Epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in Ireland and the effects of open spaces. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9302-3
Zurück zum Zitat Cossalter C, Pye-Smith C (2003) Fast-wood forestry—myths and realities. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta Cossalter C, Pye-Smith C (2003) Fast-wood forestry—myths and realities. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta
Zurück zum Zitat Curran LM, Trigg SN, McDonald AK, Astiani D, Hardiono YM, Siregar P, Caniago I, Kasischke E (2004) Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science 303:1000–1003. doi:10.1126/science.1091714 PubMed Curran LM, Trigg SN, McDonald AK, Astiani D, Hardiono YM, Siregar P, Caniago I, Kasischke E (2004) Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science 303:1000–1003. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1091714 PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Deans AM, Malcolm JR, Smith SM, Bellocq MI (2005) Edge effects and the responses of aerial insect assemblages to structural-retention harvesting in Canadian boreal peatland forests. For Ecol Manage 204:249–266 Deans AM, Malcolm JR, Smith SM, Bellocq MI (2005) Edge effects and the responses of aerial insect assemblages to structural-retention harvesting in Canadian boreal peatland forests. For Ecol Manage 204:249–266
Zurück zum Zitat Decocq G, Aubert M, Dupont F, Bardat J, Wattez-Franger A, Saguez R, De Foucault B, Alard D, Delelis-Dusoliier A (2005) Silviculture-driven vegetation change in a European temperate deciduous forest. Ann For Sci 62:313–323. doi:10.1051/forest:2005026 Decocq G, Aubert M, Dupont F, Bardat J, Wattez-Franger A, Saguez R, De Foucault B, Alard D, Delelis-Dusoliier A (2005) Silviculture-driven vegetation change in a European temperate deciduous forest. Ann For Sci 62:313–323. doi:10.​1051/​forest:​2005026
Zurück zum Zitat Didham RK, Hammond PM, Lawton JH, Eggleton P, Stork NE (1998) Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecol Monogr 68:295–323CrossRef Didham RK, Hammond PM, Lawton JH, Eggleton P, Stork NE (1998) Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecol Monogr 68:295–323CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Donald PF, Fuller RJ, Evans AD, Gough SJ (1998) Effects of forest management and grazing on breeding bird communities in plantations of broadleaved and coniferous trees in western England. Biol Conserv 85:183–197. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00114-6 Donald PF, Fuller RJ, Evans AD, Gough SJ (1998) Effects of forest management and grazing on breeding bird communities in plantations of broadleaved and coniferous trees in western England. Biol Conserv 85:183–197. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(97)00114-6
Zurück zum Zitat Du Bus de Warnaffe G, Deconchat M (2008) Impact of four silvicultural systems on birds in the Belgian Ardenne: implications for plantation management. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9364-x Du Bus de Warnaffe G, Deconchat M (2008) Impact of four silvicultural systems on birds in the Belgian Ardenne: implications for plantation management. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-008-9364-x
Zurück zum Zitat Ecroyd CE, Brockerhoff EG (2005) Floristic changes over 30 years in a Canterbury Plains kanuka forest remnant, and comparison with adjacent vegetation types. N Z J Ecol 29:279–290 Ecroyd CE, Brockerhoff EG (2005) Floristic changes over 30 years in a Canterbury Plains kanuka forest remnant, and comparison with adjacent vegetation types. N Z J Ecol 29:279–290
Zurück zum Zitat Fahy O, Gormally M (1998) A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. For Ecol Manage 110:263–273 Fahy O, Gormally M (1998) A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. For Ecol Manage 110:263–273
Zurück zum Zitat Fang W, Peng SL (1997) Development of species diversity in the restoration process of establishing a tropical man-made forest ecosystem in China. For Ecol Manage 99:185–196 Fang W, Peng SL (1997) Development of species diversity in the restoration process of establishing a tropical man-made forest ecosystem in China. For Ecol Manage 99:185–196
Zurück zum Zitat FAO (2001) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main report. FAO Forestry Paper 140, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy FAO (2001) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main report. FAO Forestry Paper 140, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Zurück zum Zitat FAO (2006a) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005—Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy FAO (2006a) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005—Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Zurück zum Zitat FAO (2006b) Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper FP37E. Responsible Management of Planted Forests, Voluntary Guidelines. FAO, Rome, Italy FAO (2006b) Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper FP37E. Responsible Management of Planted Forests, Voluntary Guidelines. FAO, Rome, Italy
Zurück zum Zitat FAO (2007) The State of the World’s Forests. ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009. FAO, Rome, Italy FAO (2007) The State of the World’s Forests. ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009. FAO, Rome, Italy
Zurück zum Zitat Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Forest Stewardship Council (2007b) FSC and Plantations: the link with responsible forest management. FSC, Bonn, Germany.www.fscus.org . Accessed 22 April 2007 Forest Stewardship Council (2007b) FSC and Plantations: the link with responsible forest management. FSC, Bonn, Germany.www.​fscus.​org . Accessed 22 April 2007
Zurück zum Zitat Gascon C, Lovejoy TE, Bierregaard RO Jr, Malcolm JR, Stouffer PC, Vasconcelos HL, Laurance WF, Zimmerman B, Tocher M, Borges S (1999) Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants. Biol Conserv 91:223–229. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00080-4 Gascon C, Lovejoy TE, Bierregaard RO Jr, Malcolm JR, Stouffer PC, Vasconcelos HL, Laurance WF, Zimmerman B, Tocher M, Borges S (1999) Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants. Biol Conserv 91:223–229. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(99)00080-4
Zurück zum Zitat Geldenhuys CJ (1997) Native forest regeneration in pine and eucalypt plantations in Northern Province, South Africa. For Ecol Manage 99:101–115 Geldenhuys CJ (1997) Native forest regeneration in pine and eucalypt plantations in Northern Province, South Africa. For Ecol Manage 99:101–115
Zurück zum Zitat Goulding CJ (2006) Forest Stewardship Council certification of industrial plantation forests. Allg Forst-Jagdzeitung 177(3–4):42–47 Goulding CJ (2006) Forest Stewardship Council certification of industrial plantation forests. Allg Forst-Jagdzeitung 177(3–4):42–47
Zurück zum Zitat Hampson AM, Peterken GF (1998) Enhancing the biodiversity of Scotland’s forest resource through the development of a network of forest habitats. Biodivers Conserv 7:179–192. doi:10.1023/A:1008832401731 Hampson AM, Peterken GF (1998) Enhancing the biodiversity of Scotland’s forest resource through the development of a network of forest habitats. Biodivers Conserv 7:179–192. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1008832401731
Zurück zum Zitat Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Burton PJ, Chen J, Brosofske KD, Saunders SC, Euskirchen ES, Roberts D, Jaiteh MS, Esseen P-A (2005) Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes. Conserv Biol 19:768–782. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00045.x Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Burton PJ, Chen J, Brosofske KD, Saunders SC, Euskirchen ES, Roberts D, Jaiteh MS, Esseen P-A (2005) Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes. Conserv Biol 19:768–782. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1523-1739.​2005.​00045.​x
Zurück zum Zitat Harris LD (1984) The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Harris LD (1984) The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Zurück zum Zitat Hartley MJ (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For Ecol Manage 155:81–95 Hartley MJ (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For Ecol Manage 155:81–95
Zurück zum Zitat Henle K, Davies KF, Kleyer M, Margules C, Settele J (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodivers Conserv 13:207–251 Henle K, Davies KF, Kleyer M, Margules C, Settele J (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodivers Conserv 13:207–251
Zurück zum Zitat Hock B, Hay E (2003) Forest certification in New Zealand: how are we going? N Z J For 47:17–23 Hock B, Hay E (2003) Forest certification in New Zealand: how are we going? N Z J For 47:17–23
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey JW (2005) Benefits to biodiversity from developing old-growth conditions in British upland spruce plantations: a review and recommendations. Forestry 78:33–53. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpi004 Humphrey JW (2005) Benefits to biodiversity from developing old-growth conditions in British upland spruce plantations: a review and recommendations. Forestry 78:33–53. doi:10.​1093/​forestry/​cpi004
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey JW, Newton AC, Peace AJ, Holden E (2000) The importance of conifer plantations in northern Britain as a habitat for native fungi. Biol Conserv 96:241–252. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00077-X Humphrey JW, Newton AC, Peace AJ, Holden E (2000) The importance of conifer plantations in northern Britain as a habitat for native fungi. Biol Conserv 96:241–252. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(00)00077-X
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey JW, Ferris R, Quine CP (eds) (2003) Biodiversity in Britain’s planted forests: results from the Forestry Commission’s Biodiversity assessment project. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh Humphrey JW, Ferris R, Quine CP (eds) (2003) Biodiversity in Britain’s planted forests: results from the Forestry Commission’s Biodiversity assessment project. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey JW, Quine CP, Watts K (2006) The influence of forest and woodland management on biodiversity in Scotland: recent findings and future prospects. In: Davison R, Galbraith CA (eds) Farming, forestry and the natural heritage: towards a more integrated approach. Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, pp 59–75 Humphrey JW, Quine CP, Watts K (2006) The influence of forest and woodland management on biodiversity in Scotland: recent findings and future prospects. In: Davison R, Galbraith CA (eds) Farming, forestry and the natural heritage: towards a more integrated approach. Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, pp 59–75
Zurück zum Zitat Hunter M (1990) Wildlife, forest and forestry: principles of managing for biological diversity. Prentice Hill, Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey Hunter M (1990) Wildlife, forest and forestry: principles of managing for biological diversity. Prentice Hill, Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey
Zurück zum Zitat Hyvarinen E, Kouki J, Martikainen P, Lappalainen H (2005) Short-term effects of controlled burning and green-tree retention on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in managed boreal forests. For Ecol Manage 212:315–332 Hyvarinen E, Kouki J, Martikainen P, Lappalainen H (2005) Short-term effects of controlled burning and green-tree retention on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in managed boreal forests. For Ecol Manage 212:315–332
Zurück zum Zitat Innes J, Calder B, Williams D (1991) Native meets exotic—kokako and pine forest. What’s new in forest research, no. 209. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua Innes J, Calder B, Williams D (1991) Native meets exotic—kokako and pine forest. What’s new in forest research, no. 209. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua
Zurück zum Zitat Jukes MR, Peace AJ, Ferris R (2001) Carabid beetle communities associated with coniferous plantations in Britain: the influence of site, ground vegetation and stand structure. For Ecol Manage 148:271–286 Jukes MR, Peace AJ, Ferris R (2001) Carabid beetle communities associated with coniferous plantations in Britain: the influence of site, ground vegetation and stand structure. For Ecol Manage 148:271–286
Zurück zum Zitat Kanowski J, Catterall CP, Wardell-Johnson GW (2005) Consequences of broadscale timber plantations for biodiversity in cleared rainforest landscapes of tropical and subtropical Australia. For Ecol Manage 208:359–372 Kanowski J, Catterall CP, Wardell-Johnson GW (2005) Consequences of broadscale timber plantations for biodiversity in cleared rainforest landscapes of tropical and subtropical Australia. For Ecol Manage 208:359–372
Zurück zum Zitat Keenan R, Lamb D, Woldring O, Irvine T, Jensen R (1997) Restoration of plant biodiversity beneath tropical tree plantations in Northern Australia. For Ecol Manage 99:117–131 Keenan R, Lamb D, Woldring O, Irvine T, Jensen R (1997) Restoration of plant biodiversity beneath tropical tree plantations in Northern Australia. For Ecol Manage 99:117–131
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinpaste R (1990) Kiwis in a pine forest habitat. In: Fuller E (ed) Kiwis, a monograph of the family Apterygidae. SeTo Publishing, Auckland, pp 97–138 Kleinpaste R (1990) Kiwis in a pine forest habitat. In: Fuller E (ed) Kiwis, a monograph of the family Apterygidae. SeTo Publishing, Auckland, pp 97–138
Zurück zum Zitat Lamb D, Parrotta JA, Keenan R, Tucker NIJ (1997) Rejoining habitat remnants: restoration of degraded tropical landscapes. In: Laurance WF, Bierregaard RO Jr (eds) Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management and conservation of fragmented communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 366–385 Lamb D, Parrotta JA, Keenan R, Tucker NIJ (1997) Rejoining habitat remnants: restoration of degraded tropical landscapes. In: Laurance WF, Bierregaard RO Jr (eds) Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management and conservation of fragmented communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 366–385
Zurück zum Zitat Lantschner MV, Rusch V, Peyrou C (2008) Bird assemblages in pine plantations replacing native ecosystems of N.W. Patagonia, Argentina. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9243-x Lantschner MV, Rusch V, Peyrou C (2008) Bird assemblages in pine plantations replacing native ecosystems of N.W. Patagonia, Argentina. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9243-x
Zurück zum Zitat Larsson T-B (ed) (2001) Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Ecological Bulletins 50, Blackwell Science, Oxford Larsson T-B (ed) (2001) Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Ecological Bulletins 50, Blackwell Science, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Ledgard N (2001) The spread of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in New Zealand. For Ecol Manage 141:43–57 Ledgard N (2001) The spread of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in New Zealand. For Ecol Manage 141:43–57
Zurück zum Zitat Lindenmayer DB, Franklin JF (2002) Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press, Washington Lindenmayer DB, Franklin JF (2002) Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Lindenmayer DB, Pope ML (2000) The design of exotic softwood plantations to enhance wildlife conservation: preliminary lessons from the Tumut fragmentation experiment. In: Craig J, Mitchell N, Saunders DA (eds) Nature conservation. 5: Nature conservation in production environments: managing the matrix. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, pp 44–49 Lindenmayer DB, Pope ML (2000) The design of exotic softwood plantations to enhance wildlife conservation: preliminary lessons from the Tumut fragmentation experiment. In: Craig J, Mitchell N, Saunders DA (eds) Nature conservation. 5: Nature conservation in production environments: managing the matrix. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, pp 44–49
Zurück zum Zitat Lindenmayer DB, Cunningham RB, Pope ML (1999) A large-scale “experiment” to examine the effects of landscape context and habitat fragmentation on mammals. Biol Conserv 88:387–403. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00111-6 Lindenmayer DB, Cunningham RB, Pope ML (1999) A large-scale “experiment” to examine the effects of landscape context and habitat fragmentation on mammals. Biol Conserv 88:387–403. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(98)00111-6
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez G, Moro MJ (1997) Birds of Aleppo Pine plantations in south-east Spain in relation to vegetation composition and structure. J Appl Ecol 34:1257–1272. doi:10.2307/2405236 Lopez G, Moro MJ (1997) Birds of Aleppo Pine plantations in south-east Spain in relation to vegetation composition and structure. J Appl Ecol 34:1257–1272. doi:10.​2307/​2405236
Zurück zum Zitat Loumeto JJ, Huttel C (1997) Understory vegetation in fast-growing tree plantations on savanna soils in Congo. For Ecol Manage 99:65–81 Loumeto JJ, Huttel C (1997) Understory vegetation in fast-growing tree plantations on savanna soils in Congo. For Ecol Manage 99:65–81
Zurück zum Zitat Magura T (2002) Carabids and forest edge: spatial pattern and edge effect. For Ecol Manage 157:23–37 Magura T (2002) Carabids and forest edge: spatial pattern and edge effect. For Ecol Manage 157:23–37
Zurück zum Zitat Magura T, Tothmeresz B, Bordan Z (2000) Effects of nature management practice on carabid assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a non-native plantation. Biol Conserv 93:95–102. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00073-7 Magura T, Tothmeresz B, Bordan Z (2000) Effects of nature management practice on carabid assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a non-native plantation. Biol Conserv 93:95–102. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(99)00073-7
Zurück zum Zitat Matveinen-Huju K, Niemela J, Rita H, O’Hara RB (2006) Retention-tree groups in clear-cuts: do they constitute ‘life-boats’ for spiders and carabids? For Ecol Manage 230:119–135 Matveinen-Huju K, Niemela J, Rita H, O’Hara RB (2006) Retention-tree groups in clear-cuts: do they constitute ‘life-boats’ for spiders and carabids? For Ecol Manage 230:119–135
Zurück zum Zitat Meijaard E, Sheil D, Nasi R, Augeri D, Rosenbaum B, Iskandar D, Setyawati T, Lammertink M, Rachmatika I, Wong A, Soehartono T, Stanley S, O’Brien T (2005) Life after logging. Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo. CIFOR and UNESCO, Jakarta Meijaard E, Sheil D, Nasi R, Augeri D, Rosenbaum B, Iskandar D, Setyawati T, Lammertink M, Rachmatika I, Wong A, Soehartono T, Stanley S, O’Brien T (2005) Life after logging. Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo. CIFOR and UNESCO, Jakarta
Zurück zum Zitat Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Findings of the condition and trends working group. In: Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N (eds) Millenium ecosystem assessment series. Island Press, Washington Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Findings of the condition and trends working group. In: Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N (eds) Millenium ecosystem assessment series. Island Press, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery (2005) ISMFF—indicators for the sustainable management of French forests. Paris, France Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery (2005) ISMFF—indicators for the sustainable management of French forests. Paris, France
Zurück zum Zitat Moore SE, Allen HL (1999) Plantation forestry. In: Hunter ML Jr (ed) Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 400–433 Moore SE, Allen HL (1999) Plantation forestry. In: Hunter ML Jr (ed) Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 400–433
Zurück zum Zitat Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. doi:10.1038/35002501 PubMed Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. doi:10.​1038/​35002501 PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nasi R, Koponen P, Poulsen JG, Buitenzorgy B, Rusmantoro W, Ladjar LN, Efendy R (2008) Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscape. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9237-8 Nasi R, Koponen P, Poulsen JG, Buitenzorgy B, Rusmantoro W, Ladjar LN, Efendy R (2008) Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscape. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9237-8
Zurück zum Zitat Norton DA (1998) Indigenous biodiversity conservation and plantation forestry: options for the future. N Z For 43(2):34–39 Norton DA (1998) Indigenous biodiversity conservation and plantation forestry: options for the future. N Z For 43(2):34–39
Zurück zum Zitat Oberhauser U (1997) Secondary forest regeneration beneath pine (Pinus kesiya) plantations in the northern Thai highlands: a chronosequence study. For Ecol Manage 99:171–183 Oberhauser U (1997) Secondary forest regeneration beneath pine (Pinus kesiya) plantations in the northern Thai highlands: a chronosequence study. For Ecol Manage 99:171–183
Zurück zum Zitat Parrotta JA (1993) Secondary forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands: the role of plantations as ‘foster ecosystems’. In: Lieth H, Lohmann M (eds) Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 63–73 Parrotta JA (1993) Secondary forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands: the role of plantations as ‘foster ecosystems’. In: Lieth H, Lohmann M (eds) Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 63–73
Zurück zum Zitat Parrotta JA (1999) Productivity, nutrient cycling and succession in single- and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico. For Ecol Manage 124:45–77 Parrotta JA (1999) Productivity, nutrient cycling and succession in single- and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico. For Ecol Manage 124:45–77
Zurück zum Zitat Parrotta JA, Turnbull J (eds) (1997) Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage (special issue) 99:1–290 Parrotta JA, Turnbull J (eds) (1997) Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage (special issue) 99:1–290
Zurück zum Zitat Parrotta JA, Turnbull J, Jones N (1997a) Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage 99:1–8 Parrotta JA, Turnbull J, Jones N (1997a) Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage 99:1–8
Zurück zum Zitat Parrotta JA, Knowles OH, Wunderle JM (1997b) Development of floristic diversity in 10-year-old restoration forests on a bauxite mined site in Amazonia. For Ecol Manage 99:21–42 Parrotta JA, Knowles OH, Wunderle JM (1997b) Development of floristic diversity in 10-year-old restoration forests on a bauxite mined site in Amazonia. For Ecol Manage 99:21–42
Zurück zum Zitat Pawson S, Brockerhoff E, Meenken E, Didham R (2008) Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9363-y Pawson S, Brockerhoff E, Meenken E, Didham R (2008) Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-008-9363-y
Zurück zum Zitat Porter M, Kramer MR (2006) Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review (December 2006. www.hbr.org) Porter M, Kramer MR (2006) Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review (December 2006. www.​hbr.​org)
Zurück zum Zitat Quine CP, Humphrey JW, Watts K (2004) Biodiversity in the UK’s forests—recent policy developments and future research challenges. In: Paivanen R, Franc A (eds) Towards the sustainable use of Europe’s forests—forest ecosystem and landscape research: scientific challenges and opportunities. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, pp 237–248 Quine CP, Humphrey JW, Watts K (2004) Biodiversity in the UK’s forests—recent policy developments and future research challenges. In: Paivanen R, Franc A (eds) Towards the sustainable use of Europe’s forests—forest ecosystem and landscape research: scientific challenges and opportunities. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, pp 237–248
Zurück zum Zitat Raman TRS (2006) Effects of habitat structure and adjacent habitats on birds in tropical rainforest fragments and shaded plantations in the Western Ghats, India. Biodivers Conserv 15:1577–1607. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-2352-5 Raman TRS (2006) Effects of habitat structure and adjacent habitats on birds in tropical rainforest fragments and shaded plantations in the Western Ghats, India. Biodivers Conserv 15:1577–1607. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-005-2352-5
Zurück zum Zitat Rosoman G (1994) The plantation effect. Greenpeace, Auckland Rosoman G (1994) The plantation effect. Greenpeace, Auckland
Zurück zum Zitat Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (2005) The functional significance of forest diversity: a synthesis. In: Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (eds) Forest diversity and function: temperate and boreal systems. Ecological Studies, vol 176. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 377–389 Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (2005) The functional significance of forest diversity: a synthesis. In: Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (eds) Forest diversity and function: temperate and boreal systems. Ecological Studies, vol 176. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 377–389
Zurück zum Zitat Seymour RS, Hunter ML Jr (1999) Principles of ecological forestry. In: Hunter ML Jr (ed) Maintaining biodiversity in forested ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 22–61 Seymour RS, Hunter ML Jr (1999) Principles of ecological forestry. In: Hunter ML Jr (ed) Maintaining biodiversity in forested ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 22–61
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw K (1997) Biodiversity position statement. N Z For 42(3):5–6 Shaw K (1997) Biodiversity position statement. N Z For 42(3):5–6
Zurück zum Zitat Shepherd KR (1993) Significance of plantations in a global forestry strategy. Austral For 56:237–335 Shepherd KR (1993) Significance of plantations in a global forestry strategy. Austral For 56:237–335
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GF, Gittings T, Wilson M, French L, Oxbrough A, O’Donoghue S, O’Halloran J, Kelly DL, Mitchell FJG, Kelly T, Iremonger S, O’Donnell V, McKee A-M, Giller P (2008) Identifying practical indicators of biodiversity for stand-level management of plantation forests. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9274-3 Smith GF, Gittings T, Wilson M, French L, Oxbrough A, O’Donoghue S, O’Halloran J, Kelly DL, Mitchell FJG, Kelly T, Iremonger S, O’Donnell V, McKee A-M, Giller P (2008) Identifying practical indicators of biodiversity for stand-level management of plantation forests. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9274-3
Zurück zum Zitat Snyder S, ReVelle C (1997) Dynamic selection of harvests with adjacency restrictions: the SHARe model. For Sci 43:213–222 Snyder S, ReVelle C (1997) Dynamic selection of harvests with adjacency restrictions: the SHARe model. For Sci 43:213–222
Zurück zum Zitat Spellerberg IF, Sayer JWD (1996) Standards for biodiversity: a proposal based on biodiversity standards for forest plantations. Biodivers Conserv 5:447–459. doi:10.1007/BF00056390 Spellerberg IF, Sayer JWD (1996) Standards for biodiversity: a proposal based on biodiversity standards for forest plantations. Biodivers Conserv 5:447–459. doi:10.​1007/​BF00056390
Zurück zum Zitat Stanturf JA, Kellison RC, Broerman ES, Jones SB (2003) Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920–1999. For Pol Econ 5:407–419 Stanturf JA, Kellison RC, Broerman ES, Jones SB (2003) Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920–1999. For Pol Econ 5:407–419
Zurück zum Zitat Suzuki N, Olson DH (2008) Options for biodiversity conservation in managed forest landscapes of multiple ownerships in Oregon and Washington, USA. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9301-4 Suzuki N, Olson DH (2008) Options for biodiversity conservation in managed forest landscapes of multiple ownerships in Oregon and Washington, USA. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9301-4
Zurück zum Zitat Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671–677. doi:10.1038/nature01014 PubMed Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671–677. doi:10.​1038/​nature01014 PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Ree R, Bennett AF, Gilmore DC (2004) Gap-crossing by gliding marsupials: thresholds for use of isolated woodland patches in an agricultural landscape. Biol Conserv 115:241–249. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00142-3 Van der Ree R, Bennett AF, Gilmore DC (2004) Gap-crossing by gliding marsupials: thresholds for use of isolated woodland patches in an agricultural landscape. Biol Conserv 115:241–249. doi:10.​1016/​S0006-3207(03)00142-3
Zurück zum Zitat Van Deusen P (2001) Scheduling spatial arrangement and harvest simultaneously. Silva Fenn 35:85–92 Van Deusen P (2001) Scheduling spatial arrangement and harvest simultaneously. Silva Fenn 35:85–92
Zurück zum Zitat Van Halder I, Barbaro L, Corcket E, Jactel H (2008) Importance of semi-natural habitats for the conservation of butterfly communities in landscapes dominated by pine plantations. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9264-5 Van Halder I, Barbaro L, Corcket E, Jactel H (2008) Importance of semi-natural habitats for the conservation of butterfly communities in landscapes dominated by pine plantations. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-007-9264-5
Zurück zum Zitat Vergara PM, Schlatter RP (2006) Aggregate retention in two Tierra del Fuego Nothofagus forests: short-term effects on bird abundance. For Ecol Manage 225:213–224 Vergara PM, Schlatter RP (2006) Aggregate retention in two Tierra del Fuego Nothofagus forests: short-term effects on bird abundance. For Ecol Manage 225:213–224
Zurück zum Zitat Watson JEM, Whittaker RJ, Dawson TP (2004) Habitat structure and proximity to forest edge affect the abundance of forest-dependent birds in tropical coastal forests of southeastern Madagascar. Biol Conserv 120:311–327. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.004 Watson JEM, Whittaker RJ, Dawson TP (2004) Habitat structure and proximity to forest edge affect the abundance of forest-dependent birds in tropical coastal forests of southeastern Madagascar. Biol Conserv 120:311–327. doi:10.​1016/​j.​biocon.​2004.​03.​004
Zurück zum Zitat Wenhua L (2004) Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. For Ecol Manage 201:33–41 Wenhua L (2004) Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. For Ecol Manage 201:33–41
Zurück zum Zitat Wigley TB, Roberts TH (1997) Landscape-level effects of forest management on faunal diversity in bottomland hardwoods. For Ecol Manage 90:141–154 Wigley TB, Roberts TH (1997) Landscape-level effects of forest management on faunal diversity in bottomland hardwoods. For Ecol Manage 90:141–154
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson EO (1988) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington Wilson EO (1988) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Wunderle JM Jr (1997) The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage 99:223–235 Wunderle JM Jr (1997) The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. For Ecol Manage 99:223–235
Zurück zum Zitat Yates ED, Levia DF, Williams CL (2004) Recruitment of three non-native invasive plants into a fragmented forest in southern Illinois. For Ecol Manage 190:119–130 Yates ED, Levia DF, Williams CL (2004) Recruitment of three non-native invasive plants into a fragmented forest in southern Illinois. For Ecol Manage 190:119–130
Zurück zum Zitat Yirdaw E (2001) Diversity of naturally regenerated native woody species in forest plantations in the Ethiopian highlands. New For 22:159–177. doi:10.1023/A:1015629327039 Yirdaw E (2001) Diversity of naturally regenerated native woody species in forest plantations in the Ethiopian highlands. New For 22:159–177. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1015629327039
Zurück zum Zitat Zuang X (1997) Rehabilitation and development of forests on degraded hills of Hong Kong. For Ecol Manage 99:197–201 Zuang X (1997) Rehabilitation and development of forests on degraded hills of Hong Kong. For Ecol Manage 99:197–201
Zurück zum Zitat Zuidema P, Sayer JA, Dijkman W (1997) Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate sized conservation areas. Environ Conserv 23(4):290–297 Zuidema P, Sayer JA, Dijkman W (1997) Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate sized conservation areas. Environ Conserv 23(4):290–297
Metadaten
Titel
Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?
verfasst von
Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
Hervé Jactel
John A. Parrotta
Christopher P. Quine
Jeffrey Sayer
Publikationsdatum
01.05.2008
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Biodiversity and Conservation / Ausgabe 5/2008
Print ISSN: 0960-3115
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-9710
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2008

Biodiversity and Conservation 5/2008 Zur Ausgabe