Abstract
Lignocellulosic fibers, which are abundant and biodegradable, have shown great application potential in many fields. The fiber charge, which characterizes the amount of acidic groups in lignocellulosic fiber, can have an important effect on the fiber performance during papermaking, ultimately affecting the architecture of fibrous matrices. In this study, carboxylic acid groups were installed using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation system or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) adsorption, which contributes to a greater extent to fiber total charge and fiber surface charge, respectively. The ultimate aim was to investigate the effects of different fiber charges across the cell wall on the bonding characteristics of the fiber matrix. It was shown that the fiber total charge enhancement was more significant than fiber surface charge enhancement in strengthening interfiber bonding capability. This can be effectively interpreted as being due to a higher deformability of the wet fiber as a result of an increased number of charged sites in the interior of the fiber cell wall (internal charge) for the TEMPO-oxidized fiber, and thus a larger interfiber bonded area. Additionally, the acidic groups on the fiber surface (surface charge) were responsible for the force of unit bonded area. These studies can provide guidance to produce high-strength lignocellulosic fiber-based products (such as fiber-based paper or paperboard) with relatively low density.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aracri E, Valls C, Vidal T (2012) Paper strength improvement by oxidative modification of sisal cellulose fibers with laccase–TEMPO system: influence of the process variables. Carbohydr Polym 88(3):830–837
Banavath HN, Bhardwaj NK, Ray AK (2011) A comparative study of the effect of refining on charge of various pulps. Bioresour Technol 102(6):4544–4551
Barzyk D, Page DH, Ragauskas A (1997) Acidic group topochemistry and fibre-to-fibre specific bond strength. J Pulp Pap Sci 23(2):J59–J61
Duker E, Lindström T (2008) On the mechanisms behind the ability of CMC to enhance paper strength. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 23(1):57–64
Duong TD, Hoang M, Nguyen KL (2004) Extension of Donnan theory to predict calcium ion exchange on phenolic hydroxyl sites of unbleached kraft fibers. J Colloid Interf Sci 276(1):6–12
Etter MC (1990) Encoding and decoding hydrogen-bond patterns of organic compounds. Acc Chem Res 23(4):120–126
Fatehi P, Tutus A, Xiao H (2009) Cationic-modified PVA as a dry strength additive for rice straw fibers. Bioresour Technol 100(2):749–755
Forsström J, Torgnysdotter A, Wågberg L (2005) Influence of fibre/fibre joint strength and fibre flexibiity on the strentgh of papers from unbleached kraft fibres. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 20(2):186–191
Fujisawa S, Okita Y, Fukuzumi H, Saito T, Isogai A (2011) Preparation and characterization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril films with free carboxyl groups. Carbohydr Polym 84(1):579–583
Ganser C, Hirn U, Rohm S, Schennach R, Teichert C (2014) AFM nanoindentation of pulp fibers and thin cellulose films at varying relative humidity. Holzforschung 68(1):53–60
Güven O, Monteiro SN, Moura EA, Drelich JW (2016) Re-emerging field of lignocellulosic fiber–polymer composites and ionizing radiation technology in their formulation. Polym Rev 56(4):702–736
Hirn U, Schennach R (2015) Comprehensive analysis of individual pulp fiber bonds quantifies the mechanisms of fiber bonding in paper. Sci Rep UK 5:10503
Horvath AE, Lindström T, Laine J (2006) On the indirect polyelectrolyte titration of cellulosic fibers. Conditions for charge stoichiometry and comparison with ESCA. Langmuir 22(2):824–830
Hubbe MA (2014) Prospects for maintaining strength of paper and paperboard products while using less forest resources: a Review. BioResources 9(1):1634–1763
Hubbe MA, Rojas OJ (2008) Colloidal stability and aggregation of lignocellulosic materials in aqueous suspension: a review. BioResources 3(4):1419–1491
Hubbe MA, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ (2007) What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A review. BioResources 2(4):739–788
Jajcinovic M, Fischer WJ, Hirn U, Bauer W (2016) Strength of individual hardwood fibres and fibre to fibre joints. Cellulose 23(3):2049–2060
Laine J, Lindström T, Nordmark GG, Risinger G (2000) Studies on topochemical modification of cellulosic fibres. part 1. Chemical conditions for the attachment of carboxymethyl cellulose onto fibres. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 15:520–526
Li H, Zhang H, Li J, Du F (2014) Comparison of interfiber bonding ability of different poplar P-RC alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) fiber fractions. BioResources 9(4):6019–6027
Lindström T, Wågberg L, Larsson T (2005) On the nature of joint strength in paper-a review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing. Adv Pap Sci Tech 13th Fund Res Symp 1:457–562
Mao L, Law K, Claude D, Francois B (2008) Effects of carboxyl content on the characteristics of TMP long fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 47(11):3809–3812
Miletzky A, Fischer WJ, Czibula C, Teichert C, Bauer W, Schennach R (2015) How xylan effects the breaking load of individual fiber–fiber joints and the single fiber tensile strength. Cellulose 22(1):849–859
Page DH (1969) A theory for tensile strength of paper. Tappi J 52(4):674
Petit-Conil M, Cochaux A, De Choudens C (1994) Mechanical pulp characterization: a new and rapid method to evaluate fibre flexibility. Pap Timber 76(10):657–662
Salam A, Lucia LA, Jameel H (2015) A new class of biobased paper dry strength agents: synthesis and characterization of soy-based polymers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(3):524–532
Scallan AM (1983) The effect of acidic groups on the swelling of pulps: a review. Tappi J 66(11):73–75
Sippl MJ, Nemethy G, Scheraga HA (1984) Intermolecular potentials from crystal data. 6. Determination of empirical potentials for OH…O = C hydrogen bonds from packing configurations. J Phys Chem 88(25):6231–6233
Terzopoulou ZN, Papageorgiou GZ, Papadopoulou E, Athanassiadou E, Alexopoulou E, Bikiaris DN (2015) Green composites prepared from aliphatic polyesters and bast fibers. Ind Crop Pro 68:60–79
Torgnysdotter A, Wågberg L (2003) Study of the joint strength between regenerated cellulose fibres and its influence on the sheet strength. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 18(4):455–459
Wågberg L, Ödberg L, Glad-Nordmark G (1989) Charge determination of porous substrates by polyelectrolyte adsorption part 1. Carboxymethylated, bleached cellulosic fibers. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 4(2):071–076
Yan D, Li K (2013) Conformability of wood fiber surface determined by AFM indentation. J Mater Sci 48(1):322–331
Zemljič LF, Stenius P, Laine J, Stana-Kleinschek K (2008) Topochemical modification of cotton fibres with carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose 15(2):315–321
Zhang H, Zhao C, Li Z, Li J (2016) The fiber charge measurement depending on the poly-DADMAC accessibility to cellulose fibers. Cellulose 23(1):163–173
Zhao C, Zhang H, Zeng X, Li H, Sun D (2016) Enhancing the interfiber bonding properties of cellulosic fibers by increasing different fiber charges. Cellulose 23(3):1617–1628
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 31370577) and the Tianjin Key Projects of Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 16JCZDJC37700).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, C., Zhang, H., Li, Z. et al. Further understanding the influence of fiber surface and internal charges on the interfiber bonding capability and resulting paper strength. Cellulose 24, 2977–2986 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1300-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1300-3