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Genetic diversity and differentiation of the endangered Japanese endemic tree Magnolia stellata using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers

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Abstract

Genetic diversity and differentiation were analyzed in 11 populations of Magnolia stellata (Sieb. and Zucc.) Maxim. (Magnoliaceae) in the Tokai district, Japan. Variation at four nuclear microsatellite (nSSR) loci was examined, three chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers were developed and 13 haplotypes identified. The 11 populations were divided into three groups (A, B and C). Each population within the group was separated less than 40 km. Group B harbored the highest gene diversity (H) and allelic richness (Ar) for nSSR (H=0.74 and Ar=8.02). Group C had the highest diversity of chloroplast haplotypes (H=0.79 and Ar=6.8): 2.5 times more haplotypes than the other groups. Each population contributed differently to the total diversity, with respect to nSSR and cpSSR. AMOVA revealed that 58% of haplotypic and 15% of nSSR variation was partitioned among populations within groups. A Mantel test revealed significant correlations between population pairwise geographic ln(distance) and FST/(1−FST) for both nSSR (r=0.479; P=0.001) and cpSSR (r=0.230; P=0.040). Dendrograms of populations for nSSR, based on Nei’s genetic distance, were constructed using UPGMA and the neighbor-joining method. These results suggest that populations in group C have diverged from the other populations, while those in group B are similar to each other. For group B, fragmentation between populations should be avoided in order to maintain gene flow. For group C, the uniqueness of each population should be given the highest priority when planning genetic conservation measures for the species.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Chie Yamanaka for assistance with laboratory experiments, Yuji Isagi for advice on experimental conditions for the nuclear microsatellites and Kunihiko Ueda, Tatsuya Iwai and Tokio Hoguro for information on the distribution of M. stellata. Computations using Mathematica software were carried out at the Computer Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research, MAFF, Japan. This study was supported by a grant provided by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, for a research project on "Fundamental Research on in situ Conservation of Endangered Tree Species." We thank several Municipal and Prefectural Education Offices for permitting us to conduct the field survey and anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier draft of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genome Analysis Laboratory, Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

    Saneyoshi Ueno

  2. Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Suzuki Setsuko

  3. Forest Dynamics and Diversity Group, Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, 062-8516, Japan

    Takayuki Kawahara

  4. Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

    Hiroshi Yoshimaru

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  1. Saneyoshi Ueno
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  3. Takayuki Kawahara
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  4. Hiroshi Yoshimaru
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Correspondence to Saneyoshi Ueno.

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Ueno, S., Setsuko, S., Kawahara, T. et al. Genetic diversity and differentiation of the endangered Japanese endemic tree Magnolia stellata using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 6, 563–574 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-9011-y

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