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Phylogeography and population history of Leopardus guigna, the smallest American felid

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Abstract

The guigna (Leopardus guigna) is the smallest and most-restricted New World cat species, inhabiting only around 160,000 km2 of temperate rain forests in southern South America and is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and human persecution. We investigated phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity, demographic history and barriers to gene flow with 116 individuals sampled across the species geographic range by analyzing 1,798 base pairs of the mtDNA (496 bp HVSI region, 720 bp NADH-5 gene, 364 bp from 16S gene and 218 bp from ATP-8 gene) and 15 microsatellite loci. Mitochondrial DNA data revealed a clear phylogeographic pattern with moderate separation between northern and southern Chilean populations supporting recognized subspecific partitions based on morphology. A recent demographic expansion was inferred for the southern-most group (San Rafael Lake), presumably due to the complete coverage of this area during the last glacial period, 28000–16000 years BP. Geographical barriers such as the Andes Mountains and the Chacao Channel have partially restricted historic and more-recent gene flow and the Chiloé Island population has diverged genetically since being separated from the mainland 7000 years BP. This is the first study of the genetic structure of this threatened species throughout its whole geographic range.

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Acknowledgments

Guignas were captured with permission from the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) in Chile, capture permit numbers 814/13-Feb-2008, 109/9-Jan-2009, 1220/22-Feb-2010 and 1708/26-Mar-2010. Samples were obtained in Argentina with permission from the National Parks Administration (APN), permit number 1002/8-May-2009. Samples were imported with permission from the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) in Chile, permit number 30/09. C.N. acknowledges support from the doctoral fellowship ICM P05-002 from the Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile), the Emerging Leaders in The Americas Program (ELAP, Canadian Bureau for International Education, Government of Canada) and Becas Chile para pasantías doctorales 2010 (CONICYT, Chile). This study was funded by the Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile), Panthera Kaplan Awards Program (Panthera Foundation, New York, USA), Scott Neotropical Fund Award (Cleveland Metroparks Zoo & the Cleveland Zoological Society, Cleveland, USA) and the Eric York Scholarship (Felidae Conservation Fund, California, USA). This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NCI, NIH. We wish to thank Benito González, Emma Elgueta, Milton Gallardo (Universidad Austral), Jaime Rau (Universidad de Los Lagos), Oscar Skewes (Universidad de Concepción), Bárbara Zentilli (CODEFF), Denise Donoso, Nicolás Gálvez, Felipe Hernández, Elke Schüttler, Cristián Bonacic, Martín Monteverde (Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén—Argentina), José Luis Brito (Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Arqueología de San Antonio), Juan Carlos Torres (Museo de Historia Natural Santiago), José Yáñez (Museo de Historia Natural Santiago), Osvaldo Rojas (Museo de Historia Natural Calama), Fernando Soto (Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaíso), Elvira Solar (Museo de Zoología Universidad de Concepción), Franklin Troncoso (Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción), Luis Villanueva (SAG VII Región), Cecilia González (SAG RM), David Flores (Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia—Argentina), Diego Verzi (Museo de La Plata—Argentina), Manuel Valdés (Parque Tantauco), Bernardita Silva, Lito Quezada, Maximiliano Sepúlveda, Javier Cabello, Alejandro Bravo (Universidad Austral), Jorge Valenzuela (CECPAN), Andrés Charrier, Juan Luis Celis, Buin Zoo and Fidel Ovidio Castro (Banco de Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán) for generous collaboration with samples for this study. We specially thank Magdalena Bennett for map elaboration. We thank Sylvain Faugeron and Juliana Vianna de Abreu for help with molecular markers. Special thanks to Jennifer Hetz, Mónica Mora, Valentina Sánchez, Tatiana Vuskovic, Verónica Solé, Rousset Palou, Yuri Zúñiga and Juan Vidal for assisting in the capture of guignas. We thank Raleigh International for logistical support in collection of samples at San Rafael Lake. We thank Parque Ahuenco, especially to Alberto Carvacho, for kindly letting us work in their lands. We thank the Sindicato de Pescadores Mar Adentro from Chepu, especially to Carlos Villarroel, for their kind help during field work. We thank Parque Tantauco, especially to Alan Bannister, for their kind support and for letting us work in their lands. We thank the Senda Darwin Foundation, Inés Hanning from Caulín, and many other local land owners in Chiloé Island who kindly let us work in their lands.

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Author notes

  1. Warren E. Johnson

    Present address: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular & Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile

    Constanza Napolitano & Elie Poulin

  2. Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA

    Warren E. Johnson

  3. Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Campbell, CA, USA

    Jim Sanderson

  4. Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Stephen J. O’Brien

  5. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK

    A. Rus Hoelzel, Rachel Freer & Nigel Dunstone

  6. FPCR Environment & Design Ltd., Lockington, Derby, UK

    Rachel Freer

  7. Natural History New Zealand, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

    Nigel Dunstone

  8. Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada

    Kermit Ritland & Carol E. Ritland

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  1. Constanza Napolitano
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Correspondence to Constanza Napolitano.

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Data Accessibility

Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1035h, GenBank accession numbers KF979174-KF979217, KF979218-KF979261, KF979262-KF979304 and TreeBASE accession number S15147 http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S15147.

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Napolitano, C., Johnson, W.E., Sanderson, J. et al. Phylogeography and population history of Leopardus guigna, the smallest American felid. Conserv Genet 15, 631–653 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0566-3

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