Abstract
This paper demonstrates analytically how a nature reserve may protect the total population, realize maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and economic yield (EY) and how this depends on biological growth, migration, reserve size and economic parameters. The pre-reserve population is assumed to follow the logistic growth law and two post-reserve growth models are discussed to explore the importance of model assumptions for assessment of reserves. The post-reserve growth has either a common carrying capacity as in the pre-reserve case, or each sub-population has its own carrying capacity proportionate to its distribution area. A combined model, as a continuum of the two models, is also formulated and briefly discussed. Population protection against extinction is assured against low cost harvesting, including zero cost, when relative reserve size is greater than relative migration. Reserve size may be tuned to realize MSY in one model, but not in the other. Economic yield is generally greater in the former, but maximum EY cannot be realized in any one.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apostolaki P, Milner-Gulland EJ, McAllister MK, Kirkwood GP (2002) Modelling the effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59: 405–415
Beverton RJH, Holt SJ (1957) On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Chapman & Hall, London (facsimile reprint, 1993)
Brown G, Roughgarden J (1997) A metapopulation model with private property and a common pool. Ecol Econ 22: 65–71
Buechner M (1987) Conservation in insular parks: simulation models of factors affecting the movement of animals across park boundaries. Biol Conserv 41: 57–76
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2002) Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science 296: 904–907
Clark CW (1985) Bioeconomic modelling and fisheries management. Wiley, New York
Clark CW (1990) Mathematical bioeconomics—the optimal management of renewable resources, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Copes P (1970) The backward-bending supply curve of the fishing industry. Scott J Polit Econ 17: 69–77
Conrad J (1999) The bioeconomics of marine sanctuaries. J Bioeconomics 1: 205–217
DeMartini EE (1993) Modelling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fish Bull 91: 414–427
Diamond JM, May RM (1981) Island biogeography and the design of natural reserves. In: May RM (eds) Theoretical ecology—principles and applications, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 228–252
Dixon J, Sherman P (1990) Economics and protected areas. A new look at benefit and costs. Island Press, Washington, D.C
FAO (2007) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2006. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Flaaten O, Mjølhus E (2005) Using reserves to protect fish and wildlife—simplified modeling approaches. Nat Resour Model 18(2): 157–182
Grafton QR, Kompas T, Schneider V (2005) The bioeconomics of marine reserves: a selected review with policy implications. J Bioeconomics 7: 161–178
Guénette S, Lauck T, Clark CW (1998) Marine reserves: from Beverton and Holt to the present. Rev Fish Biol Fish 8: 251–272
Hannesson R (1998) Marine reserves: what would they accomplish?. Mar Resour Econ 13: 159–170
Hastings A, Botsford LW (1999) Equivalence in yield from marine reserves and traditional fisheries management. Science, New Series 284(5419): 1537–1538
Hilborn R, Stoke K, Maguire J-J, Smith T, Botsford LW, Mangel M, Orensanz J, Parma A, Rice J, Bell J, Cochrane KL, Garcia S, Hall SJ, Kirkwood GP, Sainsbury K, Stefansson G, Walters C (2004) When can marine reserves improve fisheries management?. Ocean Coast Manag 47: 197–205
Holland DS, Brazee RJ (1996) Marine reserves for fisheries management. Mar Resour Econ 11: 157–171
Lauck T, Clark CW, Mangel M, Munro GR (1998) Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecol Appl 8(Suppl 1): S72–S78
Mangel M (2000) On the fraction of habitat allocated to marine reserves. Ecol Lett 3: 15–22
National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), University of California (2003) Scientific consensus statement on marine reserves, marine protected areas. Statement submitted at the annual meeting of the American association for the advancement of the sciences, 17 February 2001
Neubert MG (2003) Marine reserves and optimal harvesting. Ecol Lett 6: 843–849
Norton-Griffiths M (2000) Wildlife losses in Kenya: an analysis of conservation policy. Nat Resour Model 13: 13–34
Oldfield TEE, Smith RJ, Harrop SR, Leader-Williams N (2004) A gap analysis of terrestrial protected areas in England and its implications for conservation policy. Biol Conserv 120: 303–309
Paddack MJ, Estes JA (2000) Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and in adjacent exploited areas of Central California. Ecol Appl 10(3): 855–870
Pezzey JCV, Roberts CM, Urdal BT (2000) A simple bioeconomic model of a marine reserve. Ecol Econ 33: 77–91
Pickett STA, Thompson JN (1978) Patch dynamics and design of nature reserves. Biol Conserv 13(1): 27–37
Polacheck T (1990) Year around closed areas as a management tool. Nat Resour Model 4: 327–354
Rodwell LD, Barbier EB, Roberts CM, McClanahan TR (2003) The importance of habitat quality for marine reserve—fishery linkages. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60: 171–181
Roman J, Palumbi SR (2003) Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic. Science 301: 508–510
Sanchirico JN (2005) Additivity properties in metapopulation models: implications for the assessment of marine reserves. J Environ Econ Manag 49(1): 1–25
Sanchirico JN, Wilen JE (2002) The impacts of marine reserves on limited-entry fisheries. Nat Resour Model 15(3): 291–309
Schrank, WE, Arnason, R, Hannesson, R (eds) (2003) The cost of fisheries management. Ashgate, Aldershot
Schulz CE, Skonhoft A (1996) Wildlife, management and land-use conflicts. Environ Dev Econ 1: 265–280
Skonhoft A, Armstrong CW (2005) Conservation of wildlife. A bio-economic model of a wildlife reserve under the pressure of habitat destruction and harvesting outside the reserve. Nat Resour Model 18(1): 69–81
Skonhoft A, Solstad JT (1998) The political economy of wildlife exploitation. Land Econo 74(1): 16–31
Skonhoft A, Yoccoz NG, Stenseth NC, Gaillard JM, Loison A (2002) Management of chamois (Rupicapra Rupicapra) moving between a protected core area and a hunting area. Ecol Appl 12(4): 1199–1211
Sladek Nowlis J, Roberts CM (1999) Predicted fisheries benefits and optimal marine fishery reserves design. Fish Bull 97: 604–616
Smith VL (1969) On models of commercial fishing. J Polit Econ 77: 181–198
Smith MD, Wilen JE (2003) Economic impacts of marine reserves: the importance of spatial behavior. J Environ Econ Manag 46: 183–206
Swanson T (1994) The economics of extinction revisited and revised. Oxf Econ Pap 46: 800–821
Tuck GN, Possingham HP (2000) Marine protected areas for spatially structured exploited stocks. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 192: 89–101
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form, nor will it be during the first three months after its submission to the Publisher.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Flaaten, O., Mjølhus, E. Nature Reserves as a Bioeconomic Management Tool: A Simplified Modelling Approach. Environ Resource Econ 47, 125–148 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9368-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9368-3