Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The link between supervisory board reporting and firm performance in Germany and Austria

  • Published:
European Journal of Law and Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study examines the supervisory board reporting of listed corporations in the German and Austrian Prime Standard, especially with regard to the “assisting” role of the external auditor. The aim of this paper is to compare the similar two-tier systems in both European countries regarding their stock corporate law and their corporate governance codes. First, the descriptive analysis reveals specific reporting gaps in Germany and Austria. Thus, suggesting that the current German and Austrian accounting law reforms are crucial in order to increase the reporting quality in the future. The analysis of correlation in particular shows statistically significant positive correlations between the reporting on the independence of the supervisory board and the firm performance index (Price-Earnings-Ratio, Tobin’s Q) in both countries. Taken together, the determined correlations of all variables in question are to be classified as rather insignificant and their effects are quite inhomogeneous. Although several similarities can be found in the corporate governance systems of Germany and Austria, deviations exist with regard to the significance of the corporate governance reporting and firm performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. “Corporate Governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment” Shleifer and Vishny (1997), p. 737.

  2. The listed European corporations (“societas Europaea”) in the German and Austrian Prime Standard can choose from the one- or two tier system. Except for one company at the Vienna Stock Exchange the two tier system is always implemented.

  3. See Bassen et al. (2004); Theisen (2003); Werder and Talaulicar (2006), (2007); Bassen and Zoellner (2005a, 2005b).

  4. See Roessler (2001); Fischbach (2003); Koehler (2005); Quick et al. (2008); Boecking (2008).

  5. See Quick et al. (2008), S. 26.

  6. § 95 dAktG and § 86 Para. 1 öAktG.

  7. See also Huwer (2008), p. 71.

  8. Kalss (2008a), p. 990.

  9. See § 107 Para. 3 Sentence 2 dAktG.

  10. See also § 324 Para. 1 Nr. 1, 2 HGB.

  11. § 324 Para. 1 Sentence 1 HGB; § 100 Para. 5 dAktG.

  12. See also Boecking (2008), p. 364; Werder and Talaulicar (2005), p. 844, (2006), p. 851.

  13. See also § 110 Para. 3 Sentence 2 dAktG.

  14. See Boecking (2008), p. 368; Quick et al. (2008), p. 30.

  15. See also Boecking (2008), p. 368 f.

  16. Recital 3.8 of the GCGC (2009) and recital 10 of the ACGC (2009).

  17. See Kalss (2008b), p. 908.

  18. Recital 5.4.2 of the GCGC (2009); recital 53 of the ACGC (2007).

  19. Recital 53 of the ACGC (2009).

  20. § 171 Para. 2 dAktG; § 96 Para. 2 öAktG.

  21. Recital 7.1.2 of the GCGC (2009) also implies a recommendation concerning the monitoring of the interim reports by the supervisory board/audit committee.

  22. § 171 Para. 2 Sentence 2 dAktG; § 96 Para. 2 öAktG.

  23. See also Kalss (2008c), p. 496.

  24. See Kalss (2008c), p. 500.

  25. § 171 Para. 1 Sentence 2 dAktG.

  26. § 125 Para. 6 Sentence 2 öAktG.

  27. § 92 Para. 4 a Sentence 4 öAktG.

References

  • Abbott, L. J., Parker, S., Peters, G., & Raghunandan, K. (2003). The association between audit committee characteristics and audit fees. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 22(2), 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ACGC. (2007). Austrian Corporate Governance Code (June 2007), http://www.corporate-governance.at.

  • ACGC. (2009). Austrian Corporate Governance Code (January 2009), http://www.corporate-governance.at.

  • Agrawal, A., Jaffe, J. F., & Karpoff, J. (1999). Management turnover and corporate changes following the revelation of criminal fraud. Journal of Law and Economics, 36(10), 309–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. C., Mansi, S., & Reeb, D. (2004). Board characteristics, accounting report integrity, and the cost of debts. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 37(3), 315–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antle, R. (1982). The auditor as an economic agent. Journal of Accounting Research, 20(2), 503–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassen, A., Kleinschmidt, M., Prigge, S., & Zoellner, C. (2006). Corporate governance und Unternehmenserfolg. Die Betriebswirtschaft, 66(4), 375–401. (Corporate governance and company’s success).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassen, A., Kleinschmidt, M., & Zoellner, C. (2004). Corporate governance quality study. Der Finanz-Betrieb, 5(7), 527–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassen, A., & Zoellner, C. (2005a). Entwicklungstendenzen deutscher corporate governance, (Develpoment trends of German corporate governance). In K. R. Kirchhoff & M. Piwinger (Eds.), Praxishandbuch investor relations. Das Standardwerk der Finanzkommunikation, (Handbook for investor relations. Standard work of financial communication) (pp. 101–121). Wiesbaden: Gabler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassen, A., & Zoellner, C. (2005b). Rechtlicher Rahmen und empirische Befunde der corporate governance in Deutschland, (Legal framework and empirical findings of German corporate governance). In D. Budäus (Ed.), Governance von profit- und nonprofit-organisationen in gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung, (Governance of profit- and non-profit organisations in corporate responsibility) (pp. 36–50). Wiesbaden: Gabler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beasley, M. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review, 71(4), 443–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bédard, J., Chtourou, S., & Courteau, L. (2004). The effect of audit committee expertise, independence and activity on aggressive earnings management. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 23(2), 13–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beiner, F., Drobetz, W., Schmid, F., & Zimmerman, H. (2004). Is board size an independent corporate governance mechanism? Kyklos, 57(3), 327–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BilMoG. (2009). Gesetz zur Modernisierung des Bilanzrechts (accounting modernisation law) (Bilanzrechtsmodernisierungsgesetz–BilMoG). BGBl, 2009, 1102–1137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boecking, H.-J. (2008). Prüfungsausschuss und corporate governance, (Audit committee and corporate governance). In M. D. Kley, F.-J. Leven, B. Rudolph, & U. Schneider (Eds.), Aktie und Kapitalmarkt. Anlegerschutz, Unternehmensfinanzierung und Finanzplatz, (Share and capitalmarket. Protection of investors, business financing and financial centre) (pp. 357–376). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, M., Mak, Y. T., & Tan, S. M. (2006). Board characteristics, audit committee characteristics and abnormal accruals. Pacific Accounting Review, 18(2), 47–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., & Caylor, M. (2006). Corporate governance and firm valuation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 25(7), 409–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. M. (1993). Factors affecting the formation of audit committees in major UK listed companies. Accounting and Business Research, 23(9), 421–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission of the German Corporate Governance Code (GCGC) (2009). German corporate governance code (June 2009). Berlin.

  • Conyon, M., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board size and corporate performance: Evidence from European countries. The European Journal of Finance, 4(3), 291–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dechow, P., Sloan, R., & Sweeney, A. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 13(1), 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demsetz, H. (1983). The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 375–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Pietra, R., Grambovas, C., Raonic, I., & Riccaboni, A. (2008). The effects of board size and busy directors on the market value of Italian companies. Journal of Manage Governance, 12(19), 73–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drobetz, W., Schillhofer, A., & Zimmermann, H. (2004). Ein corporate governance rating für deutsche Publikumsgesellschaften. Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft, 74(1), 5–25. (Corporate Governance rating for German publicly owned firms).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahim, A. (2007). Earnings management and board activity. Review of Accounting and Finance, 6(1), 42–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenseher, J. W., & Shields, D. (1985). Corporate director liability and monitoring preferences. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 4(1), 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, T., Sundgren, S., & Wells, M. (1998). Larger board size and decreasing firm value in small firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 48(1), 35–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2005). Empfehlung der Kommission vom 15. Februar 2005 zu den Aufgaben von nicht geschäftsführenden Direktoren/Aufsichtsratsmitgliedern/boersennotierter Gesellschaften sowie zu den Ausschüssen des Verwaltungs-/Aufsichtsrats (2005/162/EWG), (Recommendation of the commission of the 15th of February, 2005 regarding the/duties of non-managing directors/supervisory board members/listed corporations and administration and supervisory board committees). AblEG L 52, pp. 51–63.

  • European Commission (2006a). Richtlinie 2006/43/E.G des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 17.05.2006 über Abschlussprüfungen von Jahresabschlüssen und konsolidierten Abschlüssen, zur Änderung der Richtlinien 78/660/EWG und 83/349/EWG des Rates und zur Aufhebung der Richtlinie 84/253/EWG des Rates, (Directive 2006/43/E.G of the European Parliament and the European Council of the 17th of May, 2006 regarding the auditing of annual and consolidated accounts, the modifications of the directives 78/660/EWG and 83/349/EWG and the rescission of the directive 84/253/EWG of the Council). AblEU L 157/83, pp. 87–107.

  • European Commission (2006b). Richtlinie 2006/46/E.G des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 14. Juni 2006 zur Abänderung der Richtlinien 78/660/EWG über den Jahresabschluss von Gesellschaften bestimmter Rechtsformen, 83/349/EWG über den konsolidierten Abschluss, 86/635/EWG über den Jahresabschluss und den konsolidierten Abschluss von Banken und anderen Finanzinstituten und 91/674/EWG über den Jahresabschluss und den konsolidierten Abschluss von Versicherungsunternehmen, (Directive 2006/46/E.G of the European Parliament and the European Council of the 14th of June, 2006 regarding the modifications of the directives 78/660/EWG concerning the annual account of companies of certain legal forms, 83/349/EWG concerning the consolidated accounts, 86/635/EWG concerning the annual and consolidated accounts of banks and other financial institutions and 91/674/EWG concerning the annual and consolidated account of insurance companies). AblEU L 224, pp. 1–7.

  • Farber, D. (2005). Restoring trust after fraud. The Accounting Review, 80(2), 539–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischbach, D. (2003). Der Bilanzprüfungsausschuss des Aufsichtsrats und seine Zusammenarbeit mit dem Abschlussprüfer. Lohmar: Eul. (The audit committee of the supervisory board and their co-operation with the auditor).

    Google Scholar 

  • Girnghuber, G. (1998). Das US-amerikanische audit committee als Instrument zur Vermeidung von Defiziten bei der Überwachungstätigkeit der deutschen Aufsichtsräte. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. (The US-American audit committee as an instrument to avoid deficits in the monitoring activity of German supervisory boards).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, A. R., & Masters, C. (2000). Audit committees, cadbury code and audit fees. An empirical analysis of UK companies. Managerial Accounting Journal, 15(7), 358–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gompers, P., Ishii, J. L., & Metrick, A. (2003). Corporate governance and equity prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 107–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huwer, W. (2008). Der Prüfungsausschuss des Aufsichtsrats (The supervisory board’s audit committee). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. C. (1993). The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. Journal of Finance, 48(3), 831–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalss, S. (2008a). Kommentierung zu § 107 dAktG, (Comment on § 107 dAktG). In W. Goette & M. Habersack (Eds.), Münchener Kommentar zum Aktiengesetz, Vol. 2, 3rd ed., (Munich comments on stock corporation law), recital 167–222. Munich: Vahlen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalss, S. (2008b). Kommentierung zu § 105 dAktG, (Comment on § 105 dAktG). In W. Goette & M. Habersack (Eds.), Münchener Kommentar zum Aktiengesetz, Vol. 2, 3rd ed., (Munich comments on stock corporation law), recital 38–48. Munich: Vahlen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalss, S. (2008c). Kommentierung zu § 91 dAktG, (Comment on § 91 dAktG). In W. Goette & M. Habersack (Eds.), Münchener Kommentar zum Aktiengesetz, Vol. 2, 3rd ed., (Munich comments on stock corporation law), recital 47–67. Munich: Vahlen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpoff, J., & Lott, J. R. (1993). The reputational penalty firms bear for committing criminal fraud. Journal of Law and Economics, 36(2), 757–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, A. (2005). Audit committees in Germany. Theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence. schmalenbach business review, 57(3), 229–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, T. (2008). Aufsichtsrat. Kommentierung, (Supervisory board. Comments). In H.-M. Ringleb, T. Kremer, M. Lutter, & A. Werder (Eds.), Kommentar zum Deutschen corporate governance Kodex. Kodex-Kommentar, 3rd ed., (Comment on the German corporate governance code. Comments on code) (pp. 233–292). Munich: Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larcker, D., Richardson, S. & Tuna, I. (2005). How important is corporate governance? Working Paper (Stanford: University Press).

  • Lee, H. Y., Mande, V., & Ortman, R. (2004). The effect of audit committee and board of director independence on auditor resignation. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 23(2), 131–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., Li, J., & Yang, J. (2006). The effect of audit committee performance on earnings quality. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(9), 921–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M., & Lorsch, J. W. (1992). A modest proposal for improved corporate governance. Business Lawyer, 48(1), 59–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, E., Rott, R., & Mahr, T. (2005). Wer den Kodex nicht einhält, den bestraft der Kapitalmarkt? Zeitschrift für das gesamte Gesellschaftsrecht, 34(2), 252–279. (Who’s not complying with the code gets punished by the capital market?).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peasnell, K., Pope, P., & Young, S. (2005). Board monitoring and earnings management: Do outside directors influence abnormal accruals. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 32(7), 1311–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quick, R., Hoeller, F., & Koprivica, R. (2008). Prüfungsausschüsse in deutschen Aktiengesellschaften. Zeitschrift für Corporate Governance, 3(1), 25–35. (Audit committees in German stock corporations).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, R., & Ali, F. H. M. (2006). Board, audit committee, culture and earnings management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(7), 783–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roessler, S. (2001). Das audit committee als Überwachungsinstrument des Aufsichtsrats, (The audit committee as a monitoring instrument of the supervisory board). Landsberg: Moderne Industrie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. (1973). The economic theory of agency. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, H. Y., & Lim, C. C. (1996). An empirical study of the effects of audit committees, disclosure of nonaudit fees and other issues on audit independence. Malaysian evidence. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 5(2), 231–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theisen, M. R. (2003). Herausforderung corporate governance. Die Betriebswirtschaft, 63(4), 441–464. (Corporate governance challenge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirole, J. (1986). Hierarchies and Bureaucracies. On the role of collusion in organizations. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 2(2), 181–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toksal, A. (2004). The impact of corporate governance on shareholder value. Cologne: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • URÄG (2008). 70. Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Unternehmensgesetzbuch, das Aktiengesetz 1965, das GmbH-Gesetz, das SE-Gesetz, das Genossenschaftsgesetz, das Genossenschaftsrevisionsgesetz, das Spaltungsgesetz, das Luftfahrtgesetz, das Bankwesengesetz und das Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz geändert werden (Unternehmensrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2008—URÄG 2008), (70th federal law, changing the corporate code law, the stock corporation law of 1965, the limited liability companies law, the SE-law, the cooperative law, the cooperative auditing law, the demerger law, the aviation law, the banking law and the insurance oversight law). BGBl. 07.05.2008, pp. 1–23.

  • Vafeas, N. (1999). Board meeting frequency and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 53(1), 113–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorst, A. G. (2009). Gesetz zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsverguetung (management compensation law) (VorstAG). BGBl, 2009, 2345–2348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, S., Lentfer, T., & Koester, M. (2007). Einfluss der corporate governance auf die Kapitalkosten eines Unternehmens. Zeitschrift für Corporate Governance, 2(1), 53–61. (Influence of the corporate governance on the company′s capital costs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Werder, A., & Talaulicar, T. (2006). Kodex report 2006. Der Betrieb, 59(16), 849–855. (Code report, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Werder, A., & Talaulicar, T. (2007). Kodex report 2007. Der Betrieb, 60(16), 869–875. (Code report, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, B., Davidson, W. N., & DaDalt, P. J. (2003). Earnings management and corporate governance. The roles of the board and the audit committee. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9(3), 295–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yermack, D. (1996). Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 40(2), 185–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, J., Goncharov, I., & Werner, J.-R. (2006). Does compliance with the german corporate governance code have an impact on stock valuation? An empirical analysis. Corporate Governance: An international review, 14(5), 432–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick Velte.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Velte, P. The link between supervisory board reporting and firm performance in Germany and Austria. Eur J Law Econ 29, 295–331 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-009-9122-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-009-9122-x

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation