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Vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil profile in a seasonally waterlogging agriculture field in Eastern Ganges Basin

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Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals in soil and water is a serious concern due to their persistence and toxicity. This study investigated the vertical distribution of heavy metals, possible sources and their relation with soil texture in a soil profile from seasonally waterlogged agriculture fields of Eastern Ganges basin. Fifteen samples were collected at ∼0.90-m interval during drilling of 13.11 mbgl and analysed for physical parameters (moisture content and grain size parameters: sand, silt, clay ratio) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni and Cd). The average metal content was in the decreasing order of Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd. Vertical distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni shows more or less similar trends, and clay zone records high concentration of heavy metals. The enrichment of heavy metals in clay zone with alkaline pH strongly implies that the heavy metal distributions in the study site are effectively regulated by soil texture and reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides. Correlation coefficient analysis indicates that most of the metals correlate with Fe, Mn and soil texture (clay and silt). Soil quality assessment was carried out using geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). The enrichment factor values were ranged between 0.66 (Mn) and 2.34 (Co) for the studied metals, and the contamination factor values varied between 0.79 (Mn) and 2.55 (Co). Results suggest that the elements such as Cu and Co are categorized as moderate to moderately severe contamination, which are further confirmed by I geo values (0.69 for Cu and 0.78 for Co). The concentration of Ni exceeded the effects-range median values, and the biological adverse effect of this metal is 87 %. The average concentration of heavy metals was compared with published data such as concentration of heavy metals in Ganga River sediments, Ganga Delta sediments and upper continental crust (UCC), which apparently revealed that heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd are influenced by the dynamic nature of flood plain deposits. Agricultural practice and domestic sewage are also influenced on the heavy metal content in the study area.

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Acknowledgments

Authors from IWMI, New Delhi, would like to thank Dr. Bharat R Sharma, Principal Researcher (Water Resources) and Coordinator, IWMI-India Program and Dr. Pramod Aggarwal, Regional Program Leader (South Asia) for CGIAR Research Program on CCAFS, IWMI, New Delhi office, India, for their constant support and encouragement. Authors from IWMI, New Delhi, wish to thank ICAR, Patna, Bihar, for their help in soil sample analysis and to thank the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) for funding this research study.

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  1. International Water Management Institute, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India

    N. Rajmohan

  2. Theme Leader – Productive Water Use, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    S. A. Prathapar

  3. Department of Applied Geology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India

    M. Jayaprakash

  4. Department of Applied Geology, School of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia

    R. Nagarajan

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  1. N. Rajmohan
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Rajmohan, N., Prathapar, S.A., Jayaprakash, M. et al. Vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil profile in a seasonally waterlogging agriculture field in Eastern Ganges Basin. Environ Monit Assess 186, 5411–5427 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3790-x

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