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The contribution of cluster and discriminant analysis to the classification of complex aquifer systems

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Abstract

This paper presents an innovated method for the discrimination of groundwater samples in common groups representing the hydrogeological units from where they have been pumped. This method proved very efficient even in areas with complex hydrogeological regimes. The proposed method requires chemical analyses of water samples only for major ions, meaning that it is applicable to most of cases worldwide. Another benefit of the method is that it gives a further insight of the aquifer hydrogeochemistry as it provides the ions that are responsible for the discrimination of the group. The procedure begins with cluster analysis of the dataset in order to classify the samples in the corresponding hydrogeological unit. The feasibility of the method is proven from the fact that the samples of volcanic origin were separated into two different clusters, namely the lava units and the pyroclastic–ignimbritic aquifer. The second step is the discriminant analysis of the data which provides the functions that distinguish the groups from each other and the most significant variables that define the hydrochemical composition of the aquifer. The whole procedure was highly successful as the 94.7 % of the samples were classified to the correct aquifer system. Finally, the resulted functions can be safely used to categorize samples of either unknown or doubtful origin improving thus the quality and the size of existing hydrochemical databases.

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Abbreviations

CA:

Cluster analysis

DA:

Discriminant analysis

PCA:

Principal component analysis

FA:

Factor analysis

CCDA:

Combined cluster and discriminant analysis

CART:

Classification and regression tree

BRT:

Boosted regression tree

RF:

Random forest classification

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, M. Alexandrou 1, 26334, Patras, Greece

    G. P. Panagopoulos & E. E. Tzirtzilakis

  2. Hellenic Open University, GR-26335, Patras, Greece

    D. Angelopoulou

  3. Division of Hydrogeology, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, GR-13677, Athens, Greece

    P. Giannoulopoulos

Authors
  1. G. P. Panagopoulos
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  2. D. Angelopoulou
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  3. E. E. Tzirtzilakis
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  4. P. Giannoulopoulos
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Correspondence to G. P. Panagopoulos.

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Panagopoulos, G.P., Angelopoulou, D., Tzirtzilakis, E.E. et al. The contribution of cluster and discriminant analysis to the classification of complex aquifer systems. Environ Monit Assess 188, 591 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5590-y

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