Abstract
A framework for dissolved oxygen (DO) modeling of the Ravi River has been developed based on a combination of laboratory measurements and field and monitoring data. Both the classical Streeter-Phelps (CSP) and the modified Streeter-Phelps (MSP) models are used for DO simulations. The MSP model considers the carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) and nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand (NBOD) separately, whereas the CSP model is evaluated considering only the CBOD and NBOD is incorporated in the overall BOD utilization rate. CBOD, NBOD and BOD rates have been determined through long-term BOD analysis of five main wastewater outfalls and two surface drains discharging into the Ravi River over a 98 km stretch. Analysis by Thomas Method manifests strong coefficient of determination “R2” between 0.72 and 0.98 for all the three types of BOD rates. Sensitivity analyses have also been carried out to find out a suitable reaeration rate formula for highly variable flows in the Ravi River. The CSP model results based on classical approach of considering only CBOD show significant difference between the model predictions and field measurements suggesting that NBOD needs to be incorporated for the model development. The dissolved oxygen values calculated using the MSP model and the CSP model based on overall BOD rate are in close agreement with field measurements and are thus suitable to model DO levels in the Ravi River.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
IPHER (Institute of Public Health Engineering & Research) (1978). Ravi “Ravi River Pollution Study-II”, Report No.038-06-78, UET, Lahore.
IPHER (Institute of Public Health Engineering & Research) (1979). Ravi River Pollution Study-III, Report No. 039-07-79, UET, Lahore.
IPHER (Institute of Public Health Engineering & Research) (1980). Ravi River Pollution Study and Sewage Treatment Alternatives for Lahore, Report No.043-09-80, UET, Lahore.
Khan, M., Khan, N. H., & Aslam, H., (2003) Hudiara drain-a case of trans-boundary water pollution between India and Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.
MoE (Ministry of Environment) Government of Pakistan (2006). National Sanitation Policy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Tariq, M.N. & Ziai, K.H., (1978). Ravi River Pollution Study-I, IPHER, Report No.036-02-78.
Tariq, M.N. & Ziai, K.H., (1980). Waste Assimilative Capacity of the Ravi River, IPHER, Report No.045-11-80.
Tariq, M. N., & Ali, W. (1982). Pollution of Ravi River in Pakistan—a case study, water quality bulletin Vol. 7, No.1. Ontario: World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Surface and Ground Water Quality Burlington.
Ali, W. (1995). Assessment of water quality in Ravi River. Hat Yai: International Workshop on Water Quality and Catchment Management.
Ali, W. (1997). Pollution of the Ravi River, proceedings on international symposium: water for the 21st century: demand supply, development and socio-environmental issues, center of excellence in water resources engineering. Lahore: UET.
Irrigation & Power Department Punjab (1967–2004). Gauge and discharge data of river and canals, hydrology directorate Lahore, Pakistan.
Leopold, L. B. and Maddock, T. (1953). The hydraulic geometry channels and some physiographic implications, geological survey professionals paper 252, Washington, D.C.
WASA (Waster and Sanitation Agency), (2001). Integrated master plan for Lahore—2021, Final Report, Volume 1, Existing Scenario, Prepared by NESPAK, Lahore
WWF (World Wildlife Federation). (2007). Hudiara drain pollution control. Pre-feasibility study. Lahore: Cleaner Production Institute.
Balfours. (1987). Report on Lahore wastewater treatment project. Lahore: Balfours Consulting Engineers.
Vellidis, G., Barnes, P., Bosch, D. D., & Cathey, M. A. (2006). Mathematical Simulation Tools for Developing Dissolved Oxygen TMDLs, Soil and Water Division of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). Volume, 49(4), 845–850.
Schnoor, J. L. (1996). Environmental modeling—fate and transport of pollutants in water, air, and soil, environmental science and technology. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Thomann, V. R. (1972). System analysis and water quality management. USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Thomann, V. R., & Mueller, A. J. (1987). Principals of surface water quality modeling, harper international edition. New York: Harper & Row.
Chapra, S. C. (1997). Surface water-quality modeling. Singapore: McGraw Hill International Editions.
APHA. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). Washington: American Public Health Association. DC20005-2605.
Thomas, H. A., (1950). Graphical determination of bod curves constants, water and sewerage works, Vol 97.
Wright, R. M., & McDonnel, A. J. (1979). In-stream deoxygenation rate prediction, Journal of Environmental Engineering. ASCE, 105(2), 323–335.
Bosko, K., (1966). An explanation of difference between the rate of BOD progression under laboratory and stream conditions, advances in water pollution research, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Munich.
Zison, S., Mills, B. W., Diemer, D., & Chen, W. C. (1978). Rates, constants and kinetic formulations in surface water quality modeling. Athens: Tera Tech, Inc. USEPA, ORD.
Holley, E. R. (1975). Oxygen transfer at the air–water interface, in interfacial transfer processes in water resources. New York at Buffalo: State University.
Sawyer, C. N., McCarty, P. L., & Parkin, G. F. (2003). Chemistry for environmental engineering and science. McGraw Hill: Fifth International Edition.
O’Connor, D. J., & Dobbins, W. E. (1956). Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 123, 641–684.
Churchill, M.A., Elmore, H.L., and Buckingham, R.A., (1962). Prediction of stream reaeration rates, J. San. Engr. Div ASCE SA 4:1, Proc. Paper 3199.
Owens, M., Edwards, R., & Gibbs, J. (1964). Some reaeration studies in streams. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution, 8, 469–486.
Bennett, J.P., & Rathburn, R.E., (1972). Reaeration in Open-channel Flow, USGS Professional Paper.
Acknowledgments
The study was funded by the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore as a part of PhD research. The support of laboratory staff for sample collection and laboratory analysis is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haider, H., Ali, W. Development of Dissolved Oxygen Model for a Highly Variable Flow River: A Case Study of Ravi River in Pakistan. Environ Model Assess 15, 583–599 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-010-9240-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-010-9240-4