Abstract
Self-repairing systems are those that are able to reconfigure themselves following disruptions to bring them back into a defined normal state. In this paper we explore the self-repair ability of some cellular automata-like systems, which differ from classical cellular automata by the introduction of a local diffusion process inspired by chemical signalling processes in biological development. The update rules in these systems are evolved using genetic programming to self-assemble towards a target pattern. In particular, we demonstrate that once the update rules have been evolved for self-assembly, many of those update rules also provide a self-repair ability without any additional evolutionary process aimed specifically at self-repair.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Agresti, B. Coull, Approximation is better than ‘exact’ for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am. Stat. 52, 119–126 (1998)
M.S. Capcarrere, An evolving ontogenetic cellular system for better adaptiveness. BioSystems 76, 177–189 (2004)
P.A. Cariani, The homeostat as embodiment of adaptive control. Int. J. Gen. Syst. 38(2), 139–154 (2009)
H. de Garis, Artificial embryology and cellular differentiation. In: P.J. Bentley (eds) Evolutionary Design by Computers., (Morgan Kauffmann, Los Altos, 1999), pp. 281–295
A. Eiben, J. Smith, Introduction to Evolutionary Computing. (Springer, Berlin, 2003)
S. Franchi, Life, death and resurrection of the homeostat. In: S. Franchi, F. Bianchini (eds) The Search for a Theory of Cognition: Early Mechanisms and New Ideas., (Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2011), pp. 3–52
M. Garvie, A. Thompson, Evolution of self-diagnosing hardware. In: Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, vol. 2606, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (2003), pp. 238–248
J. Gray, D.P. Siewiorek, High-availability computer systems. Computer 24(9), 39–48 (1991)
F. Gruau, Neural Network Synthesis Using Cellular Encoding and the Genetic Algorithm. Ph.D. thesis, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 1994
S. Kumar, P.J. Bentley (eds), On Growth, Form, and Computers. (Academic Press, New York, 2003)
H. Liu, J.F. Miller, A.M. Tyrell, An intrinsic robust transient fault-tolerant developmental model for digital systems. In: Workshop on Regeneration and Learning in Developmental Systems at the 2004 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2004), 2004
R.E. Lyons, W. Vanderkulk, The use of triple-modular redundancy to improve computer reliability. IBM J. 6, 200–209 (1962)
N.J. Macias, L.J.K. Durbeck, Self-assembling circuits with autonomous fault handling. In: A. Stoica, J. Lohn, R. Katz, D. Keymeulen, R.S. Zebulum (eds) Proceedings of the 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware, (IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, 2002), pp. 46–55
D. Mange, M. Sipper, A. Stauffer, G. Tempesti, Towards robust integrated circuits: the embryonics approach. Proc. IEEE 88(4), 516–541 (2000)
D. Mange, A. Stauffer, Introduction to embryonics: towards new self-repairing and self-reproducing hardware based on biological-like properties. In: N. Mangenat, D. Thalmann (eds) Artificial Life and Virtual Reality, (Wiley, London, 1994), pp. 61–72
J.F. Miller, W. Banzhaf. Evolving the program for a cell: from French flags to boolean circuits. In: S. Kumar, P.J. Bentley (eds) On Growth, Form, and Computers, chap. 15. (Academic Press, New York, 2003)
J.F. Miller, P. Thomson, Beyond the complexity ceiling: evolution, emergence, and regeneration. In: Workshop on Regeneration and Learning in Developmental Systems at the 2004 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2004), 2004
J.F. Miller, Evolving developmental programs for adaptation, morphogenesis and self-repair. In: W. Banzhaf, T. Christaller, P. Dittrich, J.T. Kim, J. Ziegler (eds) Advances in Artificial Life: 7th European Conference (Springer, 2003), pp. 256–265
J.F. Miller, Evolving a self-repairing, self-regulating French flag organism. In: K. Deb, R. Poli, W. Banzhaf, H.G. Beyer (eds) Proceedings of the 2004 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2004) vol. 3102. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (Springer, 2004), pp. 129–139
J.F. Miller (eds), Cartesian Genetic Programming. (Springer, Berlin, 2011)
A. Moraglio, K. Krawiec, C.G. Johnson. Geometric semantic genetic programming. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature: PPSN XII—Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7491, (Springer, 2012), pp. 21–31
R.G. Newcombe, Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of three methods. Stat. Med. 17, 857–872 (1998)
C. Öztürkeri, M.S. Capcarrere, Emergent robustness and self-repair through developmental cellular systems. In: J. Pollack, M. Bedau, P. Husbands, T. Ikegami, R. A. Watson (eds), Artificial Life IX: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 26–31
C. Öztürkeri, M.S. Capcarrere, Self repair ability of a toroidal and non-toroidal cellular developmental model. In: M. Capcarrere, A.A. Freitas, P.J. Bentley, C.G. Johnson, (eds) Advances in Artificial Life: 8th European Conference on Artificial Life, vol. 3630, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, (Springer, 2005), pp. 138–148
C. Öztürkeri, Investigation of Developmental Methods for Growing Self-repairing Programs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent, Canterbury, 2008
C. Öztürkeri, C.G. Johnson, Evolution of self-assembling patterns in cellular automata using development. J. Cell. Autom. 6(4), 257–300 (2011)
G. Pask, An Approach to Cybernetics. (Harper and Brothers, New York, 1961)
R. Poli, W. B. Langdon, N.F. McPhee, A Field Guide to Genetic Programming. Published via http://lulu.com and freely available at http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk , 2008. (With contributions by J. R. Koza)
W. Powers, Behavior: The Control of Perception. (Aldine, New York, 1973)
L. Prodan, G. Tempesti, D. Mange, A. Stauffer, Embryonics: Electronic stem cells. In: R.K. Standish, M.A. Bedau, H.A. Abbass, (eds) Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, (2002), pp. 101–105
P. Prusinkiewicz, A. Lindenmayer. (Springer, Berlin, 1990)
B. Randell, P. Lee, P.C. Treleaven, Reliability issues in computing system design. ACM Comput. Surv. 10(2), 123–165 (1978)
D. Roggen, D. Federici, Multi-cellular development: is there scalability and robustness to gain? In: X. Yao, E. Burke, J.A. Lozano, J. Smith (eds), Proceedings of PPSN VIII 2004: The 8th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, vol. 3242, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (Springer, 2004) , pp. 391–400
D. Roggen, D. Floreano, C. Mattiussi. A morphogenetic evolutionary system: phylogenesis of the POEtic circuit. In: A.M. Tyrell, P.C. Haddow, J. Torresen, (eds) Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware: 5th International Conference, ICES 2003, (Springer, 2003), pp. 153–164
A. Stauffer, M. Sipper, The data-and-signals cellular automaton and its application to growing structures. Artif. Life 10, 463–477 (2004)
F. Streichert, C. Spieth, H. Ulmer, A. Zell, Evolving the ability of limited growth and self-repair for artificial embryos. In: W. Banzhaf, T. Christaller, P. Dittrich, J.T. Kim, J. Ziegler (eds) Advances in Artificial Life: 7th European Conference, (Springer, 2003), pp. 289–298
L. Vanneschi, M. Castelli, L. Manzoni, S. Silva, A new implementation of geometric semantic GP and its application to problems in pharmacokinetics. In: 16th European Conference on Genetic Programming, (Springer, 2013), pp. 205–216
L. Wolpert, Principles of Development. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Öztürkeri, C., Johnson, C.G. Self-repair ability of evolved self-assembling systems in cellular automata. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 15, 313–341 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-014-9216-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-014-9216-2