Abstract
In recent years a new approach has begun to emerge in commons scholarship that draws on complex systems thinking and that makes use of concepts such as fit, scale, and the adaptive renewal cycle. This paper explores what complex systems thinking has to offer for commons scholarship by applying these concepts to the pastoral commons of the Gabra ethnic group of north-central Kenya. The concepts of fit and scale can help us to understand why some features of the institutional regime of the Gabra do not conform to mainstream principles such as clearly defined boundaries, clearly defined membership rules, and subsidiarity. The notion of the adaptive renewal cycle can help us to describe and understand some aspects of dynamics of Gabra institutions, especially those related to the management of shallow wells. Applying the adaptive renewal cycle to larger and longer scales highlights the possibility that the Gabra social–ecological system is becoming increasingly brittle, with evolving institutional arrangements putting more and more constraints on adaptation and especially on nomadic mobility. An examination of the distinctive nature of dryland pastoral commons, and in particular a complex systems approach to this examination, suggests a number of issues that relief and development organizations should consider, including how to foster novelty and innovation through all the phases of the adaptive cycle.
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Notes
Some livestock theft that takes place in Kenya is for purposes of restocking, some is done on a more commercial basis with the livestock being sent to market. Looking at a scale larger than the Gabra social–ecological system, say all of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia, an interesting question beyond the scope of this research is whether livestock theft is in some ways adaptive—whether it is a system response to increasing pressure on the environment.
I hope in a future paper to explore in greater detail the resilience of the Gabra social–ecological system, and the loss of that resilience.
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Acknowledgements
The research on which this paper was based was carried out with financial and in-kind support from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the International Development Research Centre, the Canada Research Chair in Community Based Resource Management, the Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme, and the International Livestock Research Institute.
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Robinson, L.W. A Complex-Systems Approach to Pastoral Commons. Hum Ecol 37, 441–451 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9253-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9253-2