Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Home-Range Use and Activity Patterns of the Red Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau Tropical Peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Knowledge of a species’ ranging patterns is vital for understanding its behavioral ecology and vulnerability to extinction. Given the abundance and even distribution of leaves in forested habitats, folivorous primates generally spend less time feeding; more time resting; have shorter day ranges; and require smaller home ranges than frugivorous primates. To test the influence of frugivory on ranging behavior, we established the activity budget and home-range size and use in a highly frugivorous population of the Borneo-endemic colobine, Presbytis rubicunda, within Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, and examined relationships between fruit availability and ranging patterns. We collected 6848 GPS locations and 10,702 instantaneous focal behavioral scans on a single group between January and December 2011. The group had the largest home-range size recorded in genus Presbytis (kernel density estimates: mean = 108.3 ± SD 3.8 ha, N = 4 bandwidths). The annual activity budget comprised 48 ± SD 4.0% resting; 29.3 ± SD 3.9% feeding, 14.2 ± SD 2.5% traveling, and 0.4 ± SD 0.4% social behaviors. Mean monthly day-range length was the highest recorded for any folivorous primate (1645 ± SD 220.5 m/d). No significant relationships existed between ranging variables and fruit availability, and ranging behaviors did not vary significantly across seasons, potentially owing to low fluctuations in fruit availability. Our results suggest that colobine monkeys maintain larger than average ranges when high-quality food resources are available. Their extensive range requirements imply that protecting large, contiguous tracts of habitat is crucial in future conservation planning for Presbytis rubicunda.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altmann, S. A., & Altmann, J. (1970). Baboon ecology: African field research. Basel: S. Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basabose, A. K. (2005). Ranging patterns of chimpanzees in a montane forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology, 26, 33–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff, M., & Mech, L. D. (1984). Simulation analysis of space use: Home range estimates, variability, and sample size. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 16, 32–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E. L. (1983). The banded langur: Ecology of a colobine in West Malaysian rain-forest. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University.

  • Bennett, E. L. (1986). Environmental correlates of ranging behavior in the banded langur, Presbytis melalophos. Folia Primatologica, 47, 26–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E. L., & Davies, A. G. (1994). The ecology of Asian colobines. In A. G. Davies & J. F. Oates (Eds.), Colobine monkeys: Their ecology, behaviour and evolution (pp. 129–172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E. L., & Sebastian, A. C. (1988). Social organization and ecology of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in mixed coastal forest in Sarawak. International Journal of Primatology, 9, 233–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, H. L. (2012). Geospatial Modelling Environment (Version 0.7.1.0). Available at: http://www.spatialecology.com/gme.

  • Biebouw, K. (2009). Home range size and use in Allocebus trichotis in Analamazaotra Special Reserve, Central Eastern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology, 30, 367–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bleisch, W. V., Cheng, A. S., Ren, X. D., & Xie, J. H. (1993). Preliminary results from a field study of wild Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi). Folia Primatologica, 60, 72–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bocian, C. M. (1997). Niche separation of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis and C. Guereza) in the Ituri Forest. Ph.D thesis, City University of New York.

  • Boinski, S. (1987). Habitat use by squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii) in Costa Rica. Folia Primatologica, 49, 151–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonratana, R. (1994). The ecology and behaviour of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah. Ph.D. thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok.

  • Boonratana, R., & Le, X. C. (1998). Preliminary observations of the ecology and behavior of Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus [Presbytiscus] avunculus) in Nortern Vietnam. In N. G. Jablonski (Ed.), The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (pp. 207–216). Singapore: World Scientific Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, S. A., Lourenco, W. C., da Silva, L. R., & Smith, A. T. (2009). Home range estimates vary with sample size and methods. Folia Primatologica, 80, 33–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, W. H. (1943). Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 24, 346–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, C. A., & Chapman, L. J. (2000). Determinants of group size in primates: The importance of travel costs. In S. Boinski & P. A. Garber (Eds.), On the move: How and why animals travel in groups (pp. 24–42). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, C. A., & Pavelka, M. S. M. (2005). Group size in folivorous primates: Ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates, 46, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1975). Ranging behaviour of red colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles) in Gombe National Park. Animal Behavior, 23, 706–722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1977). Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and ranging behavior in primates. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes (pp. 539–556). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1977). Species differences in feeding and ranging behavior in primates. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Primate ecology (pp. 557–583). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1979). Home range size, population density and phylogeny in primates. In I. S. Berstein & E. O. Smith (Eds.), Primate ecology and human origins: Ecological influences on social organization (pp. 201–214). New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, L. M., Trigg, S. N., McDonald, A. K., Astiani, D., Hardiono, Y. M., Siregar, P., Caniago, I., & Kasischke, E. (2004). Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Borneo. Science, 303, 1000–1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, S. H. (1975). The socioecology of the common langur, Presbytis entellus, in the Nepal Himalayas. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

  • Curtin, S. H. (1976). Niche separation in sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos). Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 20, 421–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, S. H. (1980). Dusky and banded leaf monkeys. In D. J. Chivers (Ed.), Malayan forest primates (pp. 107–145). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasilva, G. L. (1992). The western black-and-white colobus as a low-energy strategist: Activity budgets, energy expenditure and energy intake. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. G. (1984). An ecological study of the red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) in the dipterocarp forests of Sabah, northern Borneo. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

  • Davies, A. (1991). Seed-eating by red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) in dipterocarp forest of northern Borneo. International Journal of Primatology, 12, 119–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. G., Bennett, E. L., & Waterman, P. G. (1988). Food selection by two Southeast Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in relation to plant chemistry. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 34, 33–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defler, T. R. (1995). The time budget of a group of wild woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagothricha. International Journal of Primatology, 16, 107–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias, L. G., & Strier, K. B. (2003). Effects of group size on ranging patterns in Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore, A., & Campbell, C. J. (2011). The Atelines: Variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization. In C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. Mackinnon, M. Panger, & S. K. Bearder (Eds.), Primates in perspective (2nd ed., pp. 155–188). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolhinow, P. J. (1972). The north Indian langur. In P. J. Dolhinow (Ed.), Primate patterns (pp. 181–238). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M. (1987). Habitat quality, population dynamics, and group composition in a colobus monkey (Colobus guereza). International Journal of Primatology, 8, 299–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M. (1988). Primate social systems. London: Croom Helm.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers Smith, D. A., & Ehlers Smith, Y. C. (2013). Population density of red langurs in Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology, 75, 837–847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers Smith, D. A., Husson, S. J., Ehlers Smith, Y. C., & Harrison, M. E. (2013). Feeding ecology of red langurs in Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo: Extreme granivory in a non-masting forest. American Journal of Primatology, 75, 848–859.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ESRI. (2011). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, A. (1984). Resource use by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. International Journal of Primatology, 5, 105–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fashing, P. J. (2011). African colobine monkeys: Patterns of between-group interaction. In C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. Mackinnon, M. Panger, & S. K. Bearder (Eds.), Primates in perspective (2nd ed., pp. 203–229). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fashing, P. J., Mulindahabi, F., Gakima, J. B., Masozera, M., Mununura, I., Plumptre, A. J., & Nguyen, N. (2007). Activity and ranging patterns of Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda: Possible costs of large group size. International Journal of Primatology, 28, 529–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fimbel, C., Vedder, A., Dierenfeld, E., & Mulindahabi, F. (2001). An ecological basisfor large group size in Colobus angolensis in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleury, M. C., & Gautier-Hion, A. (1999). Seminomadic ranging in a population of black colobus (Colobus satanas) in Gabon and its ecological correlates. International Journal of Primatology, 20, 491–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, A. (1994). The socioecology of the Mentawai Island langur. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

  • Gitzen, R. A., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2003). Comparison of least-squares cross-validation bandwidth options for kernel home-range estimation. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31, 823–831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitzen, R. A., Millspaugh, J. J., & Kernohan, B. J. (2006). Bandwidth selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 1334–1344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harestad, A. S., & Bunnel, F. L. (1979). Home range and body weight: A reevaluation. Ecology, 60, 389–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. E., Vogel, E. R., Morrogh-Bernard, H., & van Noordwijk, M. A. (2009). Methods for calculating activity budgets compared: A case study using orangutans. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 353–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, J. P., Ritchie, M. E., & Olff, H. (2002). Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges. Nature, 148, 527–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, M. A., & Powell, R. A. (1990). Internal structure of home range of black bears: An analyses of home range overlap. Journal of Mammalogy, 71, 402–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C., Wei, F., Li, M., & Sun, R. (2003). Sleeping cave selection, activity pattern and time budget of white-headed langurs. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 813–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janson, C. H. (1992). Evolutionary ecology of primate social structure. In E. A. Smith & B. Winterhalder (Eds.), Evolutionary ecology and human behavior (pp. 95–130). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, A. (1985). Evolution of primate behavior. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, R. N. B., & Davies, A. G. (1994). Digestive physiology. In A. G. Davies & J. F. Oates (Eds.), Colobine monkeys: Their ecology, behaviour and evolution (pp. 229–250). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernohan, B. J., Gitzen, R. A., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2001). Analysis of animal space use and movements. In J. J. Millspaugh & J. M. Marzluff (Eds.), Radio tracking and animal populations (pp. 125–166). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kie, J. G., Matthiopoulos, J., Fieberg, J., Powell, R. A., Cagnacci, F., Mitchell, M. S., Gaillard, J. M., & Moorcroft, P. R. (2010). The home-range concept: Are traditional estimators still relevant with modern telemetry technology? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 2221–2231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnaird, M. F., & O’Brien, T. G. (2000). Comparative movement patterns of two semiterrestrial cercopithecine primates: The Tana River crested mangabey and the Sulawesicrested black macaque. In S. Boinski & P. A. Garber (Eds.), On the move: How and why animals travel in groups (pp. 327–350). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2011). The Asian colobines: Diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. In C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. Mackinnon, M. Panger, & S. K. Bearder (Eds.), Primates in perspective (2nd ed., pp. 189–202). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, R. C., Gu, H. J., & Zhou, X. P. (1999). A preliminary report on the ecology of Rhinopithecus roxellana at Baihe Nature Reserve. Folia Primatologica, 70, 117–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, R. C., Long, Y. C., Zhong, T., & Xiao, L. (1998). Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed langur, Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology, 17, 13–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korstjens, A. H. (2001). The mob, the secret sorority, and the phantoms: An analysis of the socio-ecological strategies of the three colobines at Tai. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht.

  • Li, B., Chen, C., Ji, W., & Ren, B. (2000). Seasonal home range changes of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Folia Primatologica, 71, 375–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Jiang, Z., Li, C., & Grueter, C. C. (2010). Effects of seasonal folivory and frugivory on ranging patterns in Rhinopithecus roxellana. International Journal of Primatology, 31, 609–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. M. (2001). The diet of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Pygatrix roxellana) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. Folia Primatologica, 72, 40–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. M., Liao, M. R., Yu, J., & Yang, J. Y. (2005). Effects of annual change in group size, human disturbances and weather on daily travel distance of a group in Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. Biodiversity Science, 13, 432–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. (2010). Effects of habitat quality on primate populations in Kalimantan: Gibbons and leaf monkeys as case studies. In J. Supriatna & S. Gursky-Doyen (Eds.), Indonesian primates. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects (pp. 157–177). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, I., Tuuga, A., & Higashi, S. (2009). The feeding ecology and activity budget of proboscis monkeys. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 478–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. (2011). Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia’s peat-swamp forests. Frontiers in the Ecology and Environment, 10, 124–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, A. H. (1994). Ecology of Hose’s langur, Presbytis hosei, in mixed, logged and unlogged dipterocarp forest of northeast Borneo. Ph.D thesis, Yale University Press.

  • Newton, P. N. (1992). Feeding and ranging patterns of forest Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). International Journal of Primatology, 13, 245–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, P. N., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1994). Colobine monkey society. In A. G. Davies & J. F. Oates (Eds.), Colobine monkeys: Their ecology, behaviour and evolution (pp. 311–346). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkurunungi, J., & Stanford, C. (2006). Preliminary GIS analysis of range use by sympatric mountain gorillas and chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. In N. E. Fisher, H. Notman, J. D. Patterson, & D. Reynolds (Eds.), Primates of western Uganda (pp. 193–205). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J. F., Waterman, P. G., & Choo, G. M. (1980). Food selection by the south Indian leaf-monkey, Presbytis johnii, in relation to leaf chemistry. Oecologia, 45, 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, S. E., Rieley, J. O., Shotyk, O. W., & Weiss, D. (1999). Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 354, 1885–1897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, F. E. (1970). The Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) of South India. In R. A. Rosenblum (Ed.), Primate behavior: Developments in field and laboratory Research (Vol. 1, pp. 251–383). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. A. (2000). Animal home ranges and territories and home range estimators. In L. Boitani & T. H. Fuller (Eds.), Research techniques in animal ecology: Controversies and consequences (pp. 65–110). New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, B., Li, M., Long, Y., & Wei, F. (2009). Influence of day length, ambient temperature, and seasonality on daily travel distance in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey at Jinsichang, Yunnan, China. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 233–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richard, A. F. (1985). Primates in nature. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.

  • Roos, C., Zinner, D., Kubatko, L. S., Schwarz, C., Yang, M., et al. (2011). Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for hybridization in colobine monkeys. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhiyat, Y. (1983). Socio-ecological study of Presbytis aygula in west Java. Primates, 24, 344–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaman, D. E., Millspaugh, J. J., Kernohan, B. J., Brundige, G. C., Raedeke, K. J., & Gitzen, R. A. (1999). Effects of sample size on kernel home range estimates. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 739–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sicotte, P., & MacIntosh, A. J. (2004). Inter-group encounters and male incursions in Colobus vellerosus in central Ghana. Behaviour, 141, 533–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, B. W. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, I., & Van Schaik, C. (2001). Orangutan home range size and its determinants in a Sumatran swamp forest. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 877–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanford, C. B. (1991). The capped langur in Bangladesh: Behavioral ecology and reproductive tactics. New York: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenbeck, R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2001). Competition and group size in Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi): The folivore paradox revisited. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigg, H., & Stolba, A. (1981). Home range and daily march in a Hamadryas baboon troop. Folia Primatologica, 36, 40–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez, S. A. (2006). Diet and travel costs for spider monkeys in a nonseasonal, hyperdiverse environment. International Journal of Primatology, 27, 411–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supriatna, J., Manullang, B. O., & Soekara, E. (1986). Group composition, home Range, and diet of the maroon leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) at Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Primates, 27, 185–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik, C. P., & Pfannes, K. (2005). Tropical climates and phenology: A primate perspective. In D. K. Brockman & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Seasonality in primates: Studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates (pp. 23–54). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Winkle, W. (1975). Comparison of several probabilistic home-range models. Journal of Wildlife Management, 39, 118–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, R. B. (2006). Seasonal variations in black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) habitat use and ranging behavior in a southern Amazonian tropical forest. American Journal of Primatology, 68, 313–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K. (1981). Variation in group composition and population density of the two sympatric Mentawaian leaf-monkeys. Primates, 22, 145–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, D. P. (1998). Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). 1. Consistency, variation, and home range size and stability. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 651–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worton, B. J. (1987). A review of models of home range for animal movement. Ecological Modelling, 38, 277–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worton, B. J. (1989). Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology, 70, 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeager, C. P. (1990). Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: Group structure. American Journal of Primatology, 20, 95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeager, C. P., & Kirkpatrick, R. C. (1998). Asian colobine social structure: Ecological and evolutionary constraints. Primates, 39, 147–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeager, C. P., & Kool, K. (2000). The behavioral ecology of Asian colobines. In P. F. Whitehead & C. J. Jolly (Eds.), Old World monkeys (pp. 496–521). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Indonesian State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK), the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), and Center for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Use of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP) for research permissions. Funding was provided by Chester Zoo and the North of England Zoological Society; Columbus Zoo and Aquariums; Primate Conservation, Inc.; and the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project (OuTrop). CIMTROP provided essential logistical support. We thank all field researchers who assisted in data collection: Supian Sabangau, Abdul Azis, Karen Jeffers, Camille Hill, Helen Thompson, Nick Marchant, Luke Ward, Bernat Ripoll, and Benjamin Buckley. Thanks also to Dr. Suwido H. Limin; Professor Vincent Nijman, Dr. Mark Harrison and David Dellatore, and to Editor-in-Chief Dr. Joanna Setchell and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, 73112, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

    David A. Ehlers Smith, Yvette C. Ehlers Smith & Susan M. Cheyne

  2. Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK

    David A. Ehlers Smith

  3. 75, Furnace Lane, Nether Heyford, Northamptonshire, NN7 3JS, UK

    David A. Ehlers Smith

  4. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK

    Susan M. Cheyne

Authors
  1. David A. Ehlers Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yvette C. Ehlers Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Susan M. Cheyne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A. Ehlers Smith.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ehlers Smith, D.A., Ehlers Smith, Y.C. & Cheyne, S.M. Home-Range Use and Activity Patterns of the Red Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau Tropical Peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Int J Primatol 34, 957–972 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9715-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9715-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation