Abstract
Information systems have become indispensable to the competitiveness of ports, facilitating communication and decision making for enhancing the visibility, efficiency, reliability, and security in port operations under various conditions. Providing value-added information services and analytics is increasingly important to maintain a competitive edge and to fulfill regulatory requirements. Consequently, it is necessary to survey current information systems both from an academic and practical standpoint. In this paper, we present a classification and a comprehensive survey of information systems and related information technologies applied in ports. As such, the paper provides a state-of-the-art information-centric view on port operations and aims to bridge the gap between industry solutions and academic works.
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Notes
See, e.g., EU-Directive 2010/65/EU on reporting formalities for ships arriving in and/or departing from ports.
That is, the role of IT/IS is to efficiently maintain current business processes and to facilitate business innovations to gain competitive advantages.
The EU programme Horizon 2020, for example, is funding research for developing the Port of the Future.
See, e.g., Maritime Hackathon 2016 in the Port of Hamburg (http://maritimehackathon.com) for the latest edition of such an event.
In 2016, for example, such an international port network has been founded by the ports of Antwerp, Busan, Felixstowe, Hamburg, Los Angeles, Shenzhen, and Singapore [142].
In 2013, for instance, a research team of the University of Texas-Austin demonstrated how GPS signales can be manipulated to take the control of ships; see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uR0t3SUnO1Q.
EDI message specifications for the maritime industry are developed and promoted by the User Group for Shipping Lines and Container Terminals (SMDG). Specific EDI documentation within ports and related practical settings can be found, e.g., at www.dakosy.de.
Basically, three types of techniques are used to coordinate data processing: Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) [54].
RFID tags must comply with ISO (International Standards Organization) and/or EPC (Electronic Product Code) standards.
For a manual check of a container seal, the examiner has to record the unique seal number, indicate an eventual tampering, and report the time when the seal had been opened and closed (e.g., during customs procedures).
The seal number is a combination of the RFID tag number and its manufacturer number.
The BIC (Bureau International des Containers) code should not be confused with the ISO 9362 standard code used for payment transactions.
The rail wagon numbering system has been created by the International Union of Railways (Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer - UIC).
Several terms for these systems exist, such as automatic licence-plate recognition (ALPR) and licence-plate recognition (LPR). To be differentiated from this are automatic vehicle identification (AVI) systems, which use optical, microwave, or radio-frequency technologies to exchange data based on a transponder and interrogator.
See, e.g., http://www.conductix.com.
Abbr. International Maritime Organization.
The Customs 2020 programme, for example, supports national customs administrations to build up expertise and develop future electronic customs systems.
Abbr. elektronisches Verwaltungsdokument (engl. electronic administration document).
Several other organizational measures have been implemented to regulate sea traffic including traffic separation schemes (TSS) and IMO regulations for preventing collision at sea.
In 2007, for instance, the Port of London Authority introduced Thames AIS as a key safety tool supporting the navigation of vessels on the River Thames and transmitting safety critical information to the London VTS [101].
Note that the use of information systems on board of the vessel, such as ECDIS (electronic chart display and information system), are not directly affected. However, the use of mobile apps might improve the communication between vessel operators and the port, in particular to deliver additional, more accurate information and assistance.
In 2016, for example, one of the worldwide largest container ships, the CSCL Indian Ocean, grounded on the river Elbe due to a failure in the navigation system, which resulted in severe restrictions in the overall port operations for several days.
The specifications of GSM-R are available at http://www.uic.org/spip.php?rubrique874.
Meta-analytics aims to unify metaheuristics and analytics by applying both optimization and machine learning tools, which may benefit from one another, in order to better address practical applications.
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Heilig, L., Voß, S. Information systems in seaports: a categorization and overview. Inf Technol Manag 18, 179–201 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-016-0269-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-016-0269-1