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Seasonal variation in light utilisation, biomass production and nutrient removal by wastewater microalgae in a full-scale high-rate algal pond

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Abstract

There has been renewed interest in the combined use of high-rate algal ponds (HRAP) for wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Successful wastewater treatment requires year-round efficient nutrient removal while high microalgal biomass yields are required to make biofuel production cost-effective. This paper investigates the year-round performance of microalgae in a 5-ha demonstration HRAP system treating primary settled wastewater in Christchurch, New Zealand. Microalgal performance was measured in terms of biomass production, nutrient removal efficiency, light absorption and photosynthetic potential on seasonal timescales. Retention time-corrected microalgal biomass (chlorophyll a) varied seasonally, being lowest in autumn and winter (287 and 364 mg m−3day−1, respectively) and highest in summer (703 mg m−3day−1), while the conversion efficiency of light to biomass was greatest in winter (0.39 mg Chl- a per μmol) and lowest in early summer (0.08 mg Chl- a per μmol). The percentage of ammonium (NH4–N) removed was highest in spring (79 %) and summer (77 %) and lowest in autumn (47 %) and winter (53 %), while the efficiency of NH4–N removal per unit biomass was highest in autumn and summer and lowest in winter and spring. Chlorophyll-specific light absorption per unit biomass decreased as total chlorophyll increased, partially due to the package effect, particularly in summer. The proportional increase in the maximum electron transport rate from winter to summer was significantly lower than the proportional increase in the mean light intensity of the water column. We concluded that microalgal growth and nutrient assimilation was constrained in spring and summer and carbon limitation may be the likely cause.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Christchurch City Council, particularly Mark Christison, Mike Bourke and James Feary, for their ongoing support of this project. We also thank George Payne for sourcing and setting up much of the automated control system; Greg Kelly and Helene Campbell for their assistance with operation of the system. The authors thank three anonymous reviews for their time and useful comments. This research was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (Contract C01X0810).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. (NIWA), PO Box 8602, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Donna L. Sutherland & Clive Howard-Williams

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Donna L. Sutherland, Matthew H. Turnbull & Paul A. Broady

  3. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric, Research Ltd. (NIWA), PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, 3200, New Zealand

    Rupert J. Craggs

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  1. Donna L. Sutherland
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  2. Clive Howard-Williams
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  5. Rupert J. Craggs
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Correspondence to Donna L. Sutherland.

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Sutherland, D.L., Howard-Williams, C., Turnbull, M.H. et al. Seasonal variation in light utilisation, biomass production and nutrient removal by wastewater microalgae in a full-scale high-rate algal pond. J Appl Phycol 26, 1317–1329 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0142-0

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