Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Improving the Social-Behavioral Adjustment of Adolescents: The Effectiveness of a Social Skills Group Intervention

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We evaluated the efficacy of a social skills training intervention designed to improve adolescents’ social, emotional and behavioral adjustment, Social Skills Group Intervention-Adolescent (S.S.GRIN-A). Seventy-four adolescents (ages 13–16 years) and their parents were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (N = 40) or a wait-list control group (N = 34). Adolescents in the treatment and control groups were compared on global self-concept, social self-efficacy, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems pre- and post-intervention. Youth in the treatment group demonstrated enhanced global self-concept, increased social self-efficacy, and decreased internalizing problems as compared to youth in the control group. No differences in externalizing behavior were found. We discuss the effectiveness of S.S.GRIN-A as a general program designed for addressing a range of adjustment issues and social skill deficits in adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison, P. D. (2003). Missing data techniques for structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 545–557. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. T., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454. doi:10.1007/BF02202939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress: Reconsidered. The American Psychologist, 54, 317–326. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.5.317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asher, S. R., Parker, J. G., & Walker, D. L. (1996). Distinguishing friendship from acceptance: Implications for intervention and assessment. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 366–405). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beelman, A., Pfingsten, U., & Losel, F. (1994). Effects of training social competence in children: A meta analysis of recent evaluation studies. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 260–271. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2303_4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social development. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendships in childhood and adolescence (pp. 346–365). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, H. S. (2005). Randomizing groups to evaluate place-based programs. In H. S. Bloom (Ed.), Learning more from social experiments: Evolving analytic approaches (pp. 115–172). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. B. (1990). Peer groups and peer cultures. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliot (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 171–196). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukowski, W. M., & Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement and outcome. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 15–45). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cauce, A. M. (1986). Social networks and social competence: Exploring the effects of early adolescent friendships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 607–628. doi:10.1007/BF00931339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 1–21. doi:10.1023/B:JOHS.0000021704.35267.05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates, D. L. (1985). Relationships between self-concept measures and social network characteristics for black adolescents’ social networks. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 5, 319–338. doi:10.1177/0272431685053006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D. (1990). Toward a theory of peer rejection. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 365–401). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 783–792. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.783.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., & Carpentieri, S. (1990). Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 748–757. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Consortium on the School-based Promotion of Social Competence. (1996). The School-based Promotion of Social Competence. In R. J. Haggerty, L. R. Sherrod, N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 268–316). NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, P., & Tracy, A. (2005). The pathway from child personality to adult adjustment: The road is not straight. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 369–394. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denney, D. R. (1975). The effects of exemplary and cognitive models and self-rehearsal on youth’s interrogative strategies. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 476–488. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(75)90077-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeRosier, M. E. (2004). Building relationships and combating bullying: Effectiveness of a school-based social skills group intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 125–130. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeRosier, M. E. (2007). Social Skills GRoup INtervention (S.S.GRIN): Group interventions and exercises for enhancing children’s communication, cooperation, and confidence (4th ed.). Cary, NC: 3-C Institute for Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRosier, M. E., & Marcus, S. (2005). Building friendships and combating bullying: Effectiveness of S.S.GRIN at 1-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 140–150. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. The American Psychologist, 54, 755–764. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, D., & Flay, B. (2004). The healthy pursuit of self-esteem: Comment on and alternative to the Crocker and Park (2004) formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 415–420. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuBow, E. F., & Ullman, D. G. (1989). Assessing social support in elementary school youth: The survey of youth’s social support. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., Midgely, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., et al. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families. The American Psychologist, 48, 90–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W. (1996). The measurement of friendship perceptions: Conceptual and methodological issues. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendships in childhood and adolescence (pp. 41–65). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. P., Apter, S. J., & Harootunian, B. (1984). School violence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2001). Treating childhood shyness and related behavior: Empirically evaluated approaches to promote positive social interactions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 299–318. doi:10.1023/A:1013543320648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, F. M. (1997). Social competence and students with behavior disorders: Where we’ve been, where we are, and where we should go. Education and Treatment of Youth, 20, 233–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, N., Tolan, P., Eargle, A., Mosley, M., & Dunn, K. (1993). YES I CAN social responsibility training manual for use in small group sessions (Year 2). University of Illinois, Metropolitan Area Child Study: Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, G. R. (2001). Effect size, power, and sample size determination for structured means modeling and MIMIC approaches to between-groups hypothesis testing of means on a single latent construct. Psychometrika, 66, 373–388. doi:10.1007/BF02294440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, A., & DeRosier, M. E. (2007). Social Skills GRoup INtervention-Adolescents (S.S. GRIN-A). Cary, NC: 3-C Institute for Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. W. (1983). Peer relations. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 103–196). New York: Wiley.

  • Hirsch, B. J., & Rapkin, B. D. (1987). The transition to junior high school: A longitudinal study of self-esteem, psychological symptomatology, school life, and social support. Child Development, 58, 1235–1243. doi:10.2307/1130617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, W. C., & Rank, R. C. (1984). Effects of counselor and peer led group assertive training on Black adolescent aggression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 95–98. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.1.95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Youth’s peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61, 2004–2021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackibchuk, R., & Smeriglio, U. L. (1976). The influence of symbolic modeling on the social behavior of preschool youth with low levels of social responsiveness. Child Development, 47, 838–841. doi:10.2307/1128203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 631–639. doi:10.2307/2285946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kano, Y. (2001). Structural equation modeling for experimental data. In R. Cudeck, S. Du Toit & D. Sörbom (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Present and future (pp. 381–402). Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, K., & Berndt, T. (1996). Relations of friendship quality to self-esteem in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 110–129. doi:10.1177/0272431696016001007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1990). Predicting disorder from peer social problems. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 274–305). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., Profilet, S., & Hart, C. (1992). Parents’ management of youth’s peer relations: Facilitating and supervising youth’s activities in the peer culture. In R. D. Parke & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 215–253). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaGreca, A. M., & Santogrossi, D. A. (1980). Social skills training with elementary school students: A behavioral group approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(2), 220–227. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.48.2.220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R., & Ham, M. (1993). Stress and “storm and stress” in early adolescence: The relationship of negative events with dysphoric affect. Developmental Psychology, 29, 130–140. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., Coie, J. D., Underwood, M. K., & Terry, R. (1993). Effectiveness of a social relations intervention program for aggressive and nonaggressive, rejected youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1053–1058. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.6.1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFall, R. M. (1976). Behavioral training: A skill acquisition approach to clinical problems. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendlowitz, S. L., Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Scapilatto, D., Miezitis, S., & Shaw, B. E. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group treatments in childhood anxiety disorders: The role of parental involvement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1223–1229. doi:10.1097/00004583-199910000-00010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S. (2005). Regulating the risks of closeness: A relationship-specific sense of felt security. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 74–78. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00338.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2007). MPlus 4.2 user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., & Brady, J. E. (1982). Mutuality in boys’ friendship relations. Child Development, 53, 392–395. doi:10.2307/1128981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, S. F., & Bierman, K. L. (1988). Conceptions and perceived influence of peer group: Interviews with preadolescents and adolescents. Child Development, 59, 1360–1365. doi:10.2307/1130498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oden, S., & Asher, S. R. (1977). Coaching youth in social skills for friendship making. Child Development, 48, 495–506. doi:10.2307/1128645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offer, D., & Offer, J. B. (1975). From teenage to young manhood. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & Schmidt, C. R. (1987). Social learning constructs in the prediction of peer interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 80–87. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1601_10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., Rubin, K. H., Erath, S. A., Wojslawowicz, J. C., & Buskirk, A. A. (2006). Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 96–161). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Piers, E. V., & Herzberg, D. S. (2002). Piers-Harris youth’s self-concept scale (2nd ed. manual). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

  • Raykov, T. (2005). Analysis of longitudinal studies with missing data using covariance structure modeling with full-information maximum likelihood. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 493–505. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, M. K. (1994). Social skills training to reduce depression in adolescents. Adolescence, 29, 293–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior assessment system for youth. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 571–645). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Coplan, R. J. (2002). Social withdrawal and shyness. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 330–352). Boston: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representation of relationship to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226–249. doi:10.1177/027243169401400207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C., & Berndt, T. S. (1990). Friendship and peer relations. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 277–307). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedikides, C., Rudich, E., Gregg, A., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400–416. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, S. (2003). Social skill training with youth and young people: Theory, evidence practice. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22, 84–96. doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trzesniewski, K., Donnellan, M., Moffitt, T., Robins, R., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42, 381–390. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vossekuil, B., Reddy, M., & Fein, R. (2002). Safe school initiative: Final report on the prevention of targeted violence in schools. US Secret Service Threat Assessment Center, US Dept of Ed, & National Institute of Justice.

  • Way, N., & Chen, L. (2000). General and close friendships among African American, Latino, and Asian American adolescents from low-income families. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 274–301. doi:10.1177/0743558400152005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J. (1983). Social construction of adolescence by adolescents and parents. New Directions for Child Development, 22, 93–109. doi:10.1002/cd.23219832208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grant number R44MH68075-2 from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The authors would like to thank the parents and youth who participated in this research as well as the clinical staff of 3-C Family Services who expertly delivered the intervention.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amanda W. Harrell.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Harrell, A.W., Mercer, S.H. & DeRosier, M.E. Improving the Social-Behavioral Adjustment of Adolescents: The Effectiveness of a Social Skills Group Intervention. J Child Fam Stud 18, 378–387 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9241-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9241-y

Keywords

Navigation