Abstract
The use of biocompatible materials has attained an increasing importance for tissue regeneration and transplantation. The excellent mechanical and corrosion properties of Ti40Cu38Zr10Pd12 bulk metallic glass (BMG) turn it into a potential candidate for its use in orthopaedic implants. Before being considered as a biomaterial, some biological parameters must be taken into account. In this study, mouse preosteoblasts were cultured in the presence or absence of the alloy at different times (24 h, 7 and 21 days) and no differences in cell viability were detected. Moreover, cells were able to adhere to the alloy surface by establishing focal contacts, and displayed a flattened polygonal morphology. After 14 days in culture, differentiation into osteoblasts was observed. Besides, the amount of Cu ions released and their potential toxic effects were analyzed, showing that the amount of Cu released did not increase cell death. Finally, the low levels of inflammatory cytokines secreted by THP-1 differentiated macrophages exposed to the alloy suggest the absence of an immunogenic response to the alloy. In conclusion, in vitro studies indicate that the Ti40Cu38Zr10Pd12 BMG could be considered as a biomaterial to be used in orthopaedic implants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Geetha M, Singh AK, Asokamani R, Gogia AK. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants—a review. Prog Mater Sci. 2009;54:397–425.
Ashby MF, Greer AL. Metallic glasses as structural materials. Scr Mater. 2006;54:321–6.
Chang H, Wang Y. Cell responses to surface and architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds. In: Eberli D, editor. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering—cells and biomaterials. Rijeka: InTech; 2011. p. 569–88.
Wataha JC, Hanks CT, Sun Z. Effect of cell line on in vitro metal ion cytotoxicity. Dent Mater. 1994;10:156–61.
Yamamoto A, Honma R, Sumita M. Cytotoxicity evaluation of 43 metal salts using murine fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;39:331–40.
Percy ME, Kruck TPA, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Towards the prevention of potential aluminum toxic effects and an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. J Inorg Biochem. 2011;105:1505–12.
Pizzoferrato A, Cenni E, Ciapetti G, Granchi D, Savarino L, Stea S. Inflammatory response to metals and ceramics. In: Barbucci R, editor. Integrated biomaterials science. New York: Kluwer Academic Publisher; 2002. p. 735–91.
Prigent H, Pellen-Mussi P, Cathelineau G, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of titanium–tantalum alloy versus titanium. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;39:200–6.
Yamazaki T, Yamazaki A, Hibino Y, Chowdhury SA, Yokote Y, Kanda Y, Kunii S, Sakagami H, Nakajima H, Shimada J. Biological impact of contact with metals on cells. In Vivo. 2006;20:605–11.
Thyssen JP. Metal allergy: a review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009;23:309.
Bacakova L, Filova E, Parizek M, Ruml T, Svorcik V. Modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on materials designed for body implants. Biotechnol Adv. 2011;29:739–67.
Popp JR, Laflin KE, Love BJ, Goldstein AS. In vitro evaluation of osteoblastic differentiation on amorphous calcium phosphate-decorated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2011;5:780–9.
Nakashima Y, Sun DH, Trindade MC, Maloney WJ, Goodman SB, Schurman DJ, Smith RL. Signaling pathways for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 expression in human macrophages exposed to titanium-alloy particulate debris in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:603–15.
Vallés G, González-Melendi P, González-Carrasco JL, Saldaña L, Sánchez-Sabaté E, Munuera L, Vilaboa N. Differential inflammatory macrophage response to rutile and titanium particles. Biomaterials. 2006;27:5199–211.
Wataha JC, Lewis JB, Volkmann KR, Lockwood PE, Messer RLW, Bouillaguet S. Sublethal concentrations of Au(III), Pd (II), and Ni(II) differentially alter inflammatory cytokine secretion from activated monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2004;69B:11–7.
McGinley EL, Fleming GJ, Moran GP. Development of a discriminatory biocompatibility testing model for non-precious dental casting alloys. Dent Mater. 2011;27:1295–306.
Li L, Wataha JC, Cate C, Zhang H, DiJulio D, Chung WO. Ni(II) alters the NFkB signaling pathway in monocytic cells. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2012;100B:934–9.
Huang L, Cao Z, Meyer HM, Liaw PK, Garlea E, Dunlap JR, Zhang T, He W. Responses of bone-forming cells on pre-immersed Zr-based bulk metallic glasses: effects of composition and roughness. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:395–405.
Wang YB, Zheng YF, Wei SC, Li M. In vitro study on Zr-based bulk metallic glasses as potential biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2011;96B:34–46.
Gu X, Zheng Y, Zhong S, Xi T, Wang J, Wang W. Corrosion of, and cellular responses to Mg–Zn–Ca bulk metallic glasses. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1093–103.
González S, Pellicer E, Fornell J, Blanquer A, Barrios L, Ibáñez E, Solsona P, Suriñach S, Baró MD, Nogués C, Sort J. Improved mechanical performance and delayed corrosion phenomena in biodegradable Mg–Zn–Ca alloys through Pd-alloying. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;6:53–62.
Pellicer E, González S, Blanquer A, Suriñach S, Baró MD, Barrios L, Ibáñez E, Nogués C, Sort J. On the biodegradability, mechanical behavior, and cytocompatibility of amorphous Mg72Zn23Ca5 and crystalline Mg70Zn23Ca5Pd2 alloys as temporary implant materials. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013;101:502–17.
Shimojo N, Kondo C, Yamashita K, Hoshino T, Hayakawa T. Cytotoxicity analysis of a novel titanium alloy in vitro: adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts. Biomed Mater Eng. 2007;17:127–35.
Oak JJ. Characterization of surface properties, osteoblast cell culture in vitro and processing with flow-viscosity of Ni-free Ti-based bulk metallic glass for biomaterials. J Biomech Sci Eng. 2009;4:384.
Fornell J, Van Steenberge N, Varea A, Rossinyol E, Pellicer E, Suriñach S, Baró MD, Sort J. Enhanced mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior of amorphous and devitrified Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 metallic glass. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4:1709–17.
Morita A, Fukui H, Tadano H, Hayashi S, Hasegawa J, Niinomi M. Alloying titanium and tantalum by cold crucible levitation melting (CCLM) furnace. Mater Sci Eng, A. 2000;280:208–13.
Finke B, Luethen F, Schroeder K, Mueller PD, Bergemann C, Frant M, Ohl A, Nebe BJ. The effect of positively charged plasma polymerization on initial osteoblastic focal adhesion on titanium surfaces. Biomaterials. 2007;28:4521–34.
Wei J, Igarashi T, Okumori N, Igarashi T, Maetani T, Liu B, Yoshinari M. Influence of surface wettability on competitive protein adsorption and initial attachment of osteoblasts. Biomed Mater. 2009;4:045002.
Dahotre NB, Paital SR, Samant AN, Daniel C. Wetting behaviour of laser synthetic surface microtextures on Ti–6Al–4V for bioapplication. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2010;368:1863–89.
Washburn NR, Yamada KM, Simon CG Jr, Kennedy SB, Amis EJ. High-throughput investigation of osteoblast response to polymer crystallinity: influence of nanometer-scale roughness on proliferation. Biomaterials. 2004;25:1215–24.
Bacakova L, Svorcik V. Cell colonization control by physical and chemical modification of materials. In: Kimura D, editor. Cell growth processes: new research. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2008. p. 5–56.
Contreras RG, Vilchis JR, Sakagami H, Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Hibino Y, Nakajima H, Shimada J. Type of cell death induced by seven metals in cultured mouse osteoblastic cells. In Vivo. 2010;24:507–12.
Yamazaki T, Kobayashi M, Hirano K, Onuki H, Shimada J, Yamazaki A, Hibino Y, Nakajima H, Yokote Y, Takemoto S, Oda Y, Sakagami H. Protection against copper-induced cytotoxicity by inclusion of gold. In Vivo. 2012;26:651–6.
Blaine TA, Pollice PF, Rosier RN, Reynolds PR, Puzas JE, O’Keefe RJ. Modulation of the production of cytokines in titanium-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes by pharmacological agents. The role of cAMP-mediated signaling mechanisms. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:1519–28.
Acknowledgments
This work has been partially financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (TEC2011-29140-C03-03), the Generalitat de Catalunya (2009-SGR-282 and 2009-SGR-1292) and the FP7-PEOPLE-2010-ITN-264635 (BioTiNet). A. Blanquer was supported by a predoctoral grant from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. M. D. Baró was partially supported by an ICREA ACADEMIA award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blanquer, A., Pellicer, E., Hynowska, A. et al. In vitro biocompatibility assessment of Ti40Cu38Zr10Pd12 bulk metallic glass. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 25, 163–172 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5041-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5041-z