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Journal of Business and Psychology

Erschienen in:

01.03.2014

Moderation in Management Research: What, Why, When, and How

verfasst von: Jeremy F. Dawson

Erschienen in: Journal of Business and Psychology | Ausgabe 1/2014

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Abstract

Many theories in management, psychology, and other disciplines rely on moderating variables: those which affect the strength or nature of the relationship between two other variables. Despite the near-ubiquitous nature of such effects, the methods for testing and interpreting them are not always well understood. This article introduces the concept of moderation and describes how moderator effects are tested and interpreted for a series of model types, beginning with straightforward two-way interactions with Normal outcomes, moving to three-way and curvilinear interactions, and then to models with non-Normal outcomes including binary logistic regression and Poisson regression. In particular, methods of interpreting and probing these latter model types, such as simple slope analysis and slope difference tests, are described. It then gives answers to twelve frequently asked questions about testing and interpreting moderator effects.

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This test of moderation involves the same assumptions as does any “ordinary least squares” (OLS) regression analysis—i.e., residuals are independent and Normally distributed, and their variance is not related to predictors—and for most of this article I will assume this to be the case without further comment; I will deal separately with non-Normal outcomes later.

Technically, the test is to compare the ratio of the coefficient to its standard error with a t-distribution with 196 degrees of freedom: 196 because it is 200 (the sample size) minus the number of parameters being estimated (four: three coefficients for three independent variables, and one intercept).

Note that the variance of a coefficient can be taken from the diagonal of the coefficient covariance matrix, i.e., the variance of a coefficient with itself; alternatively, it can be calculated by squaring the standard error of that coefficient.

Template for plotting such effects, along with the simple slope and slope difference tests described later are available at www.jeremydawson.com/slopes.htm.

This is the method used by the relevant template at www.jeremydawson.com/slopes.htm, where there are also appropriate templates for three-way interactions, and two- and three-way interactions with Poisson regression.

There is a specific template for binary moderators at www.jeremydawson.com/slopes.htm, as well as a generic template which allows any combination of binary and continuous independent and moderating variables.

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Titel: Moderation in Management Research: What, Why, When, and How
verfasst von: Jeremy F. Dawson
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2014
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Business and Psychology / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 0889-3268
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-353X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7

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