Abstract
Pyrolysis of the organometallic polymer: {{[N=P(R1)]0.8[N=P(OC6H4CH2CN[Ru])2]0.15[N=P((OC6H5)(OC6H4CH2CN[Ru]]0.05}{Cl}0.31} n , [Ru]=CpRu(PPh3)2, R1 = O2C12H8 (1) as well of the cyclic specie {N3P3 (OC6H5)5(OC6H4CH2CN[Ru])}{PF6} (2) under a flow of air at 800°C affords nanostructured RuO2. Nanoparticles near to 10 nm were observed. The differences in the use of cyclic or polymeric phosphazenes, as solid state template, influence strongly the morphology and slightly the composition of the pyrolytic product. Temperature variable (SQUID) measurements in the range of 5–300 K of the material obtained from the polymer, indicate an antiferromagnetic interaction between the Ru atoms, although lower than that found for the crystalline ruthenium oxide, probably due to some amorphous product present in the pyrolytic material. The possible formation mechanism is discussed and the differences in using the cyclic or the polymeric compound as precursor is analyzed in terms of the relative content of Ru to P, N. A general formation method of nanostructured metal oxides is proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. S. Edelstein and R. C. Cammarata (eds.), Nanomaterials: Synthesis Properties and Applications (J.W. Arrowsmith Ltda, Bristol, 2000)
K. J. Klabunde Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry (Wiley-Intertscience, New York, 2001)
Bell A. T. (2003) Science 299:1688
Petersen R., Foucher D. A., Tang B. Z., Lough A., Raju N. P., Greedan J. E., Manners I. (1995) Chem.Mater. 7:2045
Shimizu T., Teranishi T., Hasegawa S., Miyake M. (2003) J. Phys. Chem. 107:2719
Teranishi T., Hasegawa S., Shimizu T., Miyake M. (2001) Adv. Mater. 13:1699
Maye M. M., Zheng W., Leibowitz L. F., Ly N., Zhong Ch. J. (2000) Langmuir 16:490
Leite E. R., Carreño N. L. V., Lango E., Pontes F. M., Barison A., Ferreiro A. G., Manitte Y., Varela J. A. (2002) Chem. Mater. 14:3722
Boxall D. L., Kenik E. A., Lukehart C. M. (2002) Chem. Mater. 14:1715
Over H., Kim Y., Seitsonen A. P., Wendt S., Lundgren E., Schmid M., Vargas P., Morgante A., Ertl G. (2000) Science 87:1474
Trasatti G., Lodi G. (1980) Electrode of Conductive Metallic Oxides, Part A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 301–358
Ogwura K. (1936) Appl. Electrochem. 16:732
Zheng J. P., Cygan P., Yow R. T. (1995) J. Electrochem. Soc. 142:2699
Mckeown D. A., Hagans P. L., Carette L. P., Russell E. A., Swider K. E., Rolison D. R. (1993) J. Phys. Chem. B 103:4825
Arikawa T., Takasu Y., Murakami Y., Asakura K., Iwasawa Y. (1998) J. Phys. Chem. 102:3736
Colomer M. T., Jurado J. R. (2000) Chem. Mater. 12:923
Kristof J., Dadio S., De Battyisti A., Piccirillo C., Mihaly J., Hovath E. (1999) Langmuir 151:498
Lembo A., Fuso F., Asimondo E., Ciofi C., Pennelli G., Curro G. M., Neri F., Allegrini M. J. (1997) J. Mater. Res. 12:1433
Ji L., Lin J., Zeng H. C. (2001) Chem. Mater. 13:2403
Battaglin G., Rigato V., Zandolin S., Benedelti A., Ferraro S., Nami S., De Battisti A. (2004) Chem. Mater. 16:946
Vogel W., Le Rhun V., Garnier E., Alonso-Vante W. (2001) J. Phys. Chem. B 105:5238
Lai Y., Chen Y., Chi Y., Liu Ch., Carty A. J., Peng S., Lee G. J. (2003) J. Mater. Chem. 13:1999 references therein
Dmowski W., Egani T., Swider-Lyons K. E., Love C. T., Rolison D. R. (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B 103:12677
Machida K., Furuuchi K., Min M., Naoi K. (2004) Electrochemistry 72:402
Wei-Chun Ch., Chi-Chang H., Chen-Ching W., Chun-Kuo M. (2004) J. Power Sources 125:292
C. Díaz and M. L. Valenzuela, in R. Hogg (ed.) Horizons in Polymer Development. (Nova Science Publishers, 2006), Chap. 1
Díaz C., Castillo P. (2002) J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 11:183
Díaz C., Castillo P., Carriedo G. A., Gómez-Elipe P., García Alonso F. J. (2002) Macromol. Phys. Chem. 203:1918
Carriedo G. A., García Alonso F. J., Gómez-Elipe P., Díaz C., Yutronic N. (2003) J. Chilean Chem. Soc. 48:25
Díaz C., Castillo P. (2003) Polym. Bull. 50:123
Díaz C., Valenzuela M. L., Barbosa M. (2004) Mater. Res. Bull. 39:9
Carriedo G. A., García Alonso F. J., García Álvarez J. L., Díaz C., Yutronic N. (2000) Polyhedron 21:2587
Olshavsky M. A., Allcock H. R. (1997) Chem. Mater. 91:367
Walker C. H., St. John J., Wisian-Neilson P. (2001) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:3846
Jung J., Kmecko T., Claypool Ch. L., Zhang H., Wisian-Neilson P. (2005) Macromolecules 38:2122
M. Gleria and R. De Jaeger (eds.), Applicative Aspects of Cyclophospahezenes (Nova, New York, 2004)
Allcock H. R., Desorcie J. L., Riding G. H. (1987) Polyhedron 6:119
Chandrasekhar V., Justin Thomas K. R. (1993) Chem. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 7:1
Díaz C., Barbosa M., Godoy Z. (2004) Polyhedron 23:1027
Chandrasekhar V., Nagendran S. (2001) Chem. Soc. Rev. 3:193
Heston A. I., Panzner M. I., Yuongs W. I., Tessier C. A. (2005) Inorg. Chem. 44:6518
Kandemirli F. (2003) Phosph. Sulfur. Silicon 178:2331
Díaz C., Valenzuela M. L. (2006) Macromolecules 39:103
Díaz C., Castillo P., Valenzuela M. L. (2005) J. Clust. Sci. 16:515
M. Valle, L. López-Ruiz, J. M. Badia, and P. Adeva, Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido y Microanálisis por Rayos X (Rueda Madrid, 1996), Chap. 23
Cotton F. A., Mague J. T. (1966) Inorg. Chem. 5:317
Tang J., Redl F., Zhu Y., Siegrist T., Brus L. E., Steigerwald M. L. (2005) Nano Lett. 5:543
Tang J., Fabbri J., Robinson R. D., Zhu Y., Herman I. P., Steigerwald M. L., Brus L. E. (2004) Chem. Mater. 16:1336
Joo J., Yu T., Kim Y. W., Park H. M., Wu F., Zhang J. Z., Hyeon T. J. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125:6553
Trentler T. J., Denler T. E., Bertone J. F., Agrawal A., Colvin V. L. (1999) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:1613
Acknowledgements
Financial support by FONDECYT (projects 1030515 and 1040461) and FONDAP (project 11980002) is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank to the referee for the helpful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Díaz, C., Valenzuela, M.L., Spodine, E. et al. A Cyclic and Polymeric Phosphazene as Solid State Template for the Formation of RuO2 Nanoparticles. J Clust Sci 18, 831–844 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-007-0132-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-007-0132-y