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Roquefortine/Oxaline Biosynthesis Pathway Metabolites in Penicillium ser. Corymbifera: In Planta Production and Implications for Competitive Fitness

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Abstract

Three strains of each of the seven taxa comprising the Penicillium series Corymbifera were surveyed by direct injection mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography–MS for the production of terrestric acid and roquefortine/oxaline biosynthesis pathway metabolites when cultured upon macerated tissue agars prepared from Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, and Tulipa gesneriana, and on the defined medium Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA). A novel solid-phase extraction methodology was applied for the rapid purification of roquefortine metabolites from a complex matrix. Penicillium hordei and P. venetum produced roquefortine D and C, whereas P. hirsutum produced roquefortine D and C and glandicolines A and B. P. albocoremium, P. allii, and P. radicicola carried the pathway through to meleagrin, producing roquefortine D and C, glandicolines A and B, and meleagrin. P. tulipae produced all previously mentioned metabolites yet carried the pathway through to an end product recognized as epi-neoxaline, prompting the proposal of a roquefortine/epi-neoxaline biogenesis pathway. Terrestric acid production was stimulated by all Corymbifera strains on plant-derived media compared to CYA controls. In planta, production of terrestric acid, roquefortine C, glandicolines A and B, meleagrin, epi-neoxaline, and several other species-related secondary metabolites were confirmed from A. cepa bulbs infected with Corymbifera strains. The deposition of roquefortine/oxaline pathway metabolites as an extracellular nitrogen reserve for uptake and metabolism into growing mycelia and the synergistic role of terrestric acid and other Corymbifera secondary metabolites in enhancing the competitive fitness of Corymbifera species in planta are proposed.

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Acknowledgements

Research activities were funded by the Danish Research Council under the project “Functional biodiversity in Penicillium and Aspergillus” (grant No. 9901295). The authors would like to acknowledge Hanne Jacobsen for MS technical support, Xuiping Liu for laboratory assistance with the processing of the SPE samples, and Richard Phipps and Kristian Karlshøj for bulb inoculation.

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  1. Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    D. P. Overy, K. F. Nielsen & J. Smedsgaard

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  1. D. P. Overy
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  2. K. F. Nielsen
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Correspondence to D. P. Overy.

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Overy, D.P., Nielsen, K.F. & Smedsgaard, J. Roquefortine/Oxaline Biosynthesis Pathway Metabolites in Penicillium ser. Corymbifera: In Planta Production and Implications for Competitive Fitness. J Chem Ecol 31, 2373–2390 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-7107-y

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