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Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Roots and Their Attractiveness to Wireworms

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Abstract

Root volatile organic compounds (VOCs), their chemistry and ecological functions have garnered less attention than aboveground emitted plant VOCs. We report here on the identification of VOCs emitted by barley roots (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twenty nine VOCs were identified from isolated 21-d-old roots. The detection was dependent on the medium used for root cultivation. We identified 24 VOCs from 7-d-old roots when plants were cultivated on sterile Hoagland gelified medium, 33 when grown on sterile vermiculite, and 34 on non-sterile vermiculite. The major VOCs were fatty acid derived compounds, including hexanal, methyl hexanoate, (E)-hex-2-enal, 2-pentylfuran, pentan-1-ol, (Z)-2-(pentenyl)-furan, (Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, oct-1-en-3-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (likely a contaminant), (E)-non-2-enal, octan-1-ol, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, methyl (E)-non-2-enoate, nonan-1-ol, (Z)-non-3-en-1-ol, (E)-non-2-en-1-ol, nona-3,6-dien-1-ol, and nona-2,6-dien-1-ol. In an olfactometer assay, wireworms (larvae of Agriotes sordidus Illiger, Coleoptera: Elateridae) were attracted to cues emanating from barley seedlings. We discuss the role of individual root volatiles or a blend of the root volatiles detected here and their interaction with CO2 for wireworm attraction.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Marc Camerman and Franck Michels for research assistance, Dr. Marie Fiers for providing standards. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège) funded the present project (Rhizovol project).

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  1. Djamel Edine Kati

    Present address: University of Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Biology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Aurélie Gfeller & Patrick du Jardin

  2. General and Organic Chemistry Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Morgan Laloux, Djamel Edine Kati, Jean-Paul Wathelet & Marie-Laure Fauconnier

  3. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Morgan Laloux, Djamel Edine Kati & Georges Lognay

  4. Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Fanny Barsics, Eric Haubruge & François J. Verheggen

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  1. Aurélie Gfeller
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Aurélie Gfeller and Morgan Laloux contributed equally to the work.

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Figure S1

Dual-choice olfactometer used for the orientation experimentation of Agriotes sordidus towards all potential olfactory stimuli emitted by 7-d-old barley roots, i.e. CO2 and other VOCs. The roots were inserted through one of the lateral connections (a) and separated from the substrate with stainless gauze (b). Each wireworm was inserted into the device through the middle entry connection (c) and retrieved from the pipes with the substrate through one of the two endings (standard GL45 screwed ends and caps) (d). (DOC 48 kb)

Figure S2

Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC-MS method. Comparison of VOC profiles released by roots of barley and trapped on four types of fibre: A = polyacrylate (PA), B = polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), C = carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS), and D, E = divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS). (A) to D) column HP5ms, (E) column VF-WAXms. (DOC 749 kb)

Figure S3

Typical GC–MS chromatogram of the SPME analysis of VOCs emitted by excised 21-d-old barley roots. Numbers correspond to the following compounds: 1, Dimethyl sulfide; 2, Hexanal; 3, Methyl hexanoate; 4, (E)-Hex-2-enal; 5, 2-Pentylfuran; 6, Pentan-1-ol; 7, 2-(Pentenyl)furan; 8, (Z)-Pent-2-en-1-ol; 9, 6-Methyl-hept-5-en-2-one; 10, Hexan-1-ol; 11, (Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol; 12, (E)-Hex-2-en-1-ol; 13, Oct-1-en-3-ol; 14, 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol; 15, (E)-Non-2-enal; 16, Dimethyl sulfoxide; 17, Octan-1-ol; 18, (2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dienal; 19, Methyl (E)-non-2-enoate; 20, Methyl benzoate; 21, Nonan-1-ol; 22, (Z)-Non-3-en-1-ol; 23, (E)-Non-2-en-1-ol; 24, Nona-3,6-dien-1-ol; 25, Nona-2,6-dien-1-ol; 26, Tetradecanal; 27, Dodecan-1-ol; 28, Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone; 29, Hexadecanal. (PPTX 193 kb)

Figure S4

Typical GC–MS chromatogram of the SPME analysis of VOCs emitted by excised 7 d-old barley roots grown aseptically in Hoagland fertilized vermiculite. Numbers correspond to the following compounds: 1, Dimethyl sulfide; 2, Pentan-3-one; 3, Hexanal; 4, Butan-1-ol; 5, Pent-1-en-3-ol; 6, (E)-Hex-2-enal; 7, 2-Pentylfuran; 8, Pentan-1-ol; 9, (Z)-2-(Pentenyl)furan; 10, (Z)-Pent-2-en-1-ol; 11, Oct-6-en-2-one; 12, Hexan-1-ol; 13, (E)-Hex-2-en-1-ol; 14, Oct-1-en-3-ol; 15, Heptan-1-ol; 16, 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-ol; 17, 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol; 18, (E)-Non-2-enal; 19, Dimethyl sulfoxide; 20, Octan-1-ol; 21, (2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dienal; 22, Methyl (E)-non-2-enoate; 23, Methyl benzoate; 24, Nonan-1-ol; 25, (Z)-Non-3-en-1-ol; 26, (E)-Non-2-en-1-ol; 27, Nona-3,6-dien-1-ol; 28, Nona-2,6-dien-1-ol; 29, 2-Phenylethanol; 30, Dodecan-1-ol; 31, Methyl tetradecanoate; 32, Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone; 33, Hexadecanal. (PPTX 190 kb)

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Gfeller, A., Laloux, M., Barsics, F. et al. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Roots and Their Attractiveness to Wireworms. J Chem Ecol 39, 1129–1139 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0302-3

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