Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained for medical image compression using autoencoder neural networks. Since mammograms (medical images) are usually of big sizes, training of autoencoders becomes extremely tedious and difficult if the whole image is used for training. We show in this paper that the autoencoders can be trained successfully by using image patches instead of the whole image. The compression performances of different types of autoencoders are compared based on two parameters, namely mean square error and structural similarity index. It is found from the experimental results that the autoencoder which does not use Restricted Boltzmann Machine pre-training yields better results than those which use this pre-training method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hinton, G. E., and Salakhutdinov, R. R., Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313:504–507, 2006.
Bengio, Y., Lamblin, P., Popovici, D., and Larochelle, H., Greedy layer-wise training of deep networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Tech. Rep. 1282. Vol. 19. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
Polak, E., and Ribire, G., Note sur la convergence de methods de directions conjures. Revue Francais Information Recherche Operationnelle 16:35–43, 1969.
Larochelle, H., Erhan, D., Courville, A., Bergstra, J., and Bengio, Y., An empirical evaluation of deep architectures on problems with many factors of variation. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICLM). pp. 473–480. Corvalis, OR: ACM, 2007.
Hinton, G. E., Boltzmann Machine. Scholarpedia 2(5):1668, 2007. Available: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5586.
Tee, Y. W., and Hinton, G. E., Rate-coded Restricted Boltzmann machines for face recognition. In: Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol. 13, pp. 908–914. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
Salakhutdinov, R., Mnih, A., and Hinton, G., Restricted Boltzmann machines for collaborative filtering. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning. pp. 791–798. Corvallis, OR, 2007.
Cosman, P. C., Gray, R. M., and Olshen, R. A., Evaluating quality of compressed medical images: SNR, subjective rating, and diagnostic accuracy. Proc. of the IEEE 82(6):919–932, 1994.
Wang, Z., Bovik, A. C., Sheikh, H. R., and Simoncelli, E. P., Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process 3(4):600–612, 2004.
Lundstrom, C., Measuring digital image quality. In: Tech. Rep. 1, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University. Available: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn: se:liu:diva-5586.
Heath, M., Bowyer, K., Kopans, D., Moore, R., and Kegelmeyer, W. P., The digital database for screening mammography. In: Yaffe, M. J. (Ed.), Proc. of the Fifth Int. Workshop on Digital Mammography. pp. 212–218. Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing, 2001.
Hinton, G. E., and Salakhutdinov, R. R., Supporting online material for reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313(5786), 2006. Available: www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5786/504/DC1.
Steudel, A., Ortmann, S., and Glesner, M., Medical image compression with neural nets. In: Proc. of ISUMA - NAFIPS ’95. pp. 571–576, 1995.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, C.C., Eswaran, C. Using Autoencoders for Mammogram Compression. J Med Syst 35, 49–58 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-009-9340-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-009-9340-3