Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thermokinetic studies of poly(o-toluidine) doped with perchloric acid

  • Regular Papers
  • Organics/Polymers
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Thermokinetic parameters of the solid-state of poly(o-toluidine) (POT) doped with perchloric (HClO4) acid was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) under non-isothermal conditions. Molecular mechanics (MM) calculations suggest that the optimal geometric structure (OMG) of the HClO4-doped POT is at least four orders of magnitude more stable than the molecular geometric (MG) structure. These calculations indicate that the potential energy (PE/kJ mol−1) of the OMG is about four (1.09·104) orders of magnitude lower than the MG structure of the same matrix. The empirical formula of the doped polymer is best represented by [POT-2HClO4·2H2O]n as substantiate by elemental analysis and MM calculations. The full polymer decomposition and degradation were found to occur in three stages during the temperature increase. The decomposition activation energy (E d) of HClO4-doped POT matrix was calculated by employing different approximations. The heating rate (α) of the decomposition and the frequency factor (K o) were calculated. A number of equations were used to evaluate the kinetic parameters. The mechanism of the degradation of the conducting polymer is explained on the basis of their kinetic parameters. A remarkable heating rate dependence of the decomposition rate was observed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. N. Rysava, T. Spasov and L. Tichy, J. Thermal Anal., 32 (1987) 1015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. G. MacDiarmid, S. L Mu, N. L. D. Somasiri and W. Wu, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121 (1985) 187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. C. Gupta and S. S. Umare, Macromolecules, 25 (1992) 138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. T. Nakayima and T. Kawagoe, Synth.Met., 28 (1989) E–696.

    Google Scholar 

  5. P. Hany, C. E. Santier and M. Genies, J. Appl. Electrochem., 18 (1989) 751.

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Hany, C. Santier and E. M. Genies, Synth. Met., 3 (1989) 369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M. C. Gupta and A. D. Borker, Indian J. Chem., 29A (1990) 631.

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. Ogura, H. Shiigi, M. Nakayama and A. Fujii, Electrochem. Soc., 145 (1998) 3351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. B. Wessling, Synth. Met., 93 (1998) 143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, P. Smith and A. J. Heeger, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60 (1992) 2711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Tsumura, H. Koezuka and T. Ando, Appl. Phys. Lett., 49 (1986) 1210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. C. T. Kuo, A. S. Chen, G. W. Hwang and H. H. Kuo, Synth. Met., 93 (1998) 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burn and A. B. Holmes, Nature, 347 (1990) 539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Cao, P. Smith and A. J. Heeger, Synth. Met., 55–57 (1993) 3514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. B. Sanjai, A. Raghunathan, T. S. Natarajan and G. Raangaraijan, Phys. Rev. B, 55 (1991) 10734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. E. R. Holland, S. J. Pomfert, P. N. Adams and A. P. Monkman, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 8 (1996) 2991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. P. Monkman, E. Rebourt and A. Petr, Synth. Met., 84 (1997).

  18. Y. Cao, J. Qui and P. Smith, Synth. Met., 69 (1993) 187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S. S. Goh, H. S. O. Chan and C. H. Ong, Polymer, 37 (1996) 2675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Z. Wang, J. Joo, C. H. Hsu and A. J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 68 (1995) 207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. G. MacDiarmid and A. J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 65 (1994) 103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Z. H. Wang, A. Ray, A. G. MacDiarmid and A. J. Epstein, Phys. Rev. B, 43 (1991) 4373.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. H. Varela and R. M. Torresi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147 (2000) 665.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Stejskal, I. Sapurina, M. Trchova, J. Prokes, I. Krivka and E. Tobolkova, Macromolecules, 31 (1998) 2218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. R. H. Boyd, Thermal Stability of Polymers, R. T. Conley, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York 1970, pp. 47–89.

    Google Scholar 

  26. A. Inaba and T. Kashiwagi, Macromolecules, 19 (1986) 2412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. K. Dash, S. K. Sahu and P. L. Nayak, J. Therm. Anal. Cal., 86 (2006) 517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. M. Ahmed, Eur. Polym. J., 38 (2002) 25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. R. C. Patil, S. M. Ahmed and K. Ogura, Polym. J., 33 (2000) 466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. T. Nagaoka, S. M. Ahmed and K. Ogura, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146 (1999) 3378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. R. C. Patil, S. M. Ahmed, H. Shiigi, M. Nakayama and K. Ogura, Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 37 (1999) 4596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S. M. Ahmed, T. Nagaoka and K. Ogura, Anal. Sci., 14 (1998) 535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. M. Ahmed, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 85 (2004) 605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. M. Ahmed, J. Int J. Chem. Kinet., 35 (2003) 260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. M Kamal, S. M. Ahmed, M. M. Shahata and Y. M. Temerk, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372 (2002) 843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S. M. Ahmed, M. M. Shahata and M. Kamal, Inorg. Organomet. Polym., 13 (2003) 171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. M. Ahmed, B. M. Abu-Zied, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 70 (2003) 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. U. Burkert and N. L. Allinger, Molecular Mechanics, ACS Monograph, 177, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  39. P. Savitha and D. N. Sathyanarayana, Synth. Met., 154 (2004) 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. C. Civakumar, T. C. Wen, A. Gopalan and H. Teng, Synth. Met., 123 (2003) 219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Shenglong, W. Fosong and G. Xiaohui, Synth. Met., 79 (1986) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. L. Sharma, V. Saxena, S. Annapoorni and B. D. Malhotra, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81 (2001) 1460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Y. Wei, G. W. Tang, K. F. Husch, E. M. Sherr, A. G. MacDiarmid and A. J. Epstein, Polymer, 33 (1992) 314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. S. O. Chan, S. C. Ng, W. S. Sim, W. S. H. Seo and B. T. G. Tan, Macromolecules, 26 (1993) 144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. V. Kulkarni, A. K. Viswanath and U. P. Mulik, Mater. Chem. Phys., 89 (2005) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. H. S. Chen, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 27 (1978) 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. M. I. Abd-Elrahman, M. O. Ahmed, S. M. Ahmed, T. Aboul-Fadl and A. El-Shorbagi, Biophys. Chem., 97 (2002) 113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. J. H. Flynn and L. A. Wall, Polym. Lett., 4 (1989) 323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. F. Cataldo and P. Maltese, Eur. Polym. J., 38 (2002) 1791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Kazim, V. Ali, M. Zulfequar, M. Mazharul Haq and M. Husain, Current Appl. Phys., (2006) Elsevier, in press.

  51. J. A. Augis and J. E. Bennent, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125 (1978) 330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H. G. Kissinger, Anal. Chem., 29 (1957) 1702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S. Niazi, J. Pharm. Sci., 67 (1978) 488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S. Mahadevan, A. Giridhar and A. K. Singh, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 88 (1986) 11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt

    S. M. Ahmed

  2. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt

    M. I. Abd-Elrhaman

Authors
  1. S. M. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. I. Abd-Elrhaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. M. Ahmed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ahmed, S.M., Abd-Elrhaman, M.I. Thermokinetic studies of poly(o-toluidine) doped with perchloric acid. J Therm Anal Calorim 91, 195–202 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8364-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8364-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation