Abstract
Dynamically vulcanised NR phase with sulphur crosslinker was investigated on the thermal properties of high-density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch (HDPE/NR/TPS) blends. The effect of dynamic vulcanisation on the crosslink density of the NR phase was characterised by using the gel content method and Fourier transform infrared analysis. In this blend system, TPS acted as a biodegradation agent and the incorporation of TPS generally caused a decrease in thermal stability and the degree of crystallinity. However, through the comparison of thermal degradation, dynamic vulcanised HDPE/NR/TPS blends proved to be superior to unvulcanised HDPE/NR/TPS counterparts. The better dimensional stability and enhanced compatibility between phases were obtained in dynamic vulcanisation blends, as observed in the dynamic mechanical analysis. Moreover, the improvement observed in thermal degradation of dynamic vulcanisation of HDPE/NR/TPS was also correlated with the crosslink formation within the NR phase.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhowmick AK, Heslop J, White JR. Effect of stabilizers in photodegradation of thermoplastic elastomeric rubber-polyethylene blends-a preliminary study. Polym Degrad Stab. 2001;74(3):513–21.
Dahlan HM, Khairul Zaman MD, Ibrahim A. Liquid natural rubber (LNR) as a compatibilizer in NR/LLDPE blends-II: the effect of electron-beam irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem. 2002;64:429–36.
Edlul MD, Tsoub AH, Hu W. Crosslink densities and phase morphologies in thermoplastic vulcanizates. Polymer. 2004;45:3351–8.
Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Sahakaro K, Noordermeer JWM. Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends: selection of optimal peroxide type and concentration in relation to mixing conditions. Eur Polym J. 2007;43(9):4008–18.
Nakason C, Worlee A, Salaeh S. Effect of vulcanization systems on properties and recyclability of dynamically cured epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends. Polym Test. 2008;27:858–69.
Pechurai W, Nakason C, Sahakaro K. Thermoplastic natural rubber based on oil extended NR and HDPE blends: blend compatibilizer, phase inversion composition and mechanical properties. Polym Test. 2008;27:621–31.
Pichaiyut S, Nakason C, Kaesaman A, Kiatkamjornwong S. Influences of blend compatibilizers on dynamic, mechanical, and morphological properties of dynamically cured maleated natural rubber and high-density polyethylene blends. Polym Test. 2008;27:566–80.
Benica C, Colman TAD, Lacerda LG, Bannach G, Schnitzler E. Thermal, rheological, and structural behaviors of natural and modified cassava starch granules, with sodium hypochlorite solutions. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;111(3):2217–22.
Rosa DS, Bardi MAG, Machado LDB, Dias DB, Silva LGA, Kodama Y. Starch plasticized with glycerol from biodiesel and polypropylene blends. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;102(1):181–6.
Mondragon M, Hernandez EM, Rivera-Armenta JL, Rodriguez-Gonzalez FJ. Injection molded thermoplastic starch/natural rubber/clay nanocomposites: morphology and mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;77:80–6.
Rosa DS, Guedes CGF, Carvalho CL. Processing and thermal, mechanical and morphological characterization of post-consumer polyolefins/thermoplastic starch blends. J Mater Sci. 2007;42:551–7.
Kim KW, Lee BH, Kim HJ, Sriroth K, Dorgan JR. Thermal and mechanical properties of cassava and pineapple flours-filled PLA biocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;108(3):1131–9.
Mt Nistor, Vasile C. Influence of the nanoparticle type on the thermal decomposition of the green starch/poly(vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;111(3):1903–19.
Yasko KodamaGiancola G, Richard L, Lehman RL, Idol JD. Melt processing and domain morphology of PMMA/HDPE polymer blends prepared from powder precursors. Powder Technol. 2012;218:18–22.
Pages P, Carrasco F, Saurina J, Colom X. FTIR and DSC study of HDPE structural changes and mechanical properties variation when exposed to weathering aging during Canadian winter. J Appl Polym Sci. 1996;60(2):153–9.
Colom X, Canavate J. Page’s P, Saurina J, Carrasco F. Changes in crystallinity of the HDPE matrix in composites with cellulosic fiber using DSC and FTIR. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2000;19(10):818–30.
Fang JM, Fowler PA, Tomkinson J, Hill CAS. The preparation and characterization of a series of chemically modified potato starches. Carbohydr Polym. 2002;47:245–52.
Mathew AP, Dufresne A. Morphological investigations of nanocomposites from sorbitol elasticized starch and tunicin whiskers. Biomacromol. 2002;3:609–17.
Dahlan HM, Khairul Zaman MD, Ibrahim A. Liquid natural rubber (LNR) as a compatibilizer in NR/LLDPE blends-II: the effect of electron-beam irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem. 2002;64:429–36.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia for the financial support provided and for the supply of raw materials. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Universiti Malaysia Perlis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kahar, A.W.M., Ismail, H. & Abdul Hamid, A. The correlation between crosslink density and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends prepared via dynamic vulcanisation approach. J Therm Anal Calorim 123, 301–308 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4880-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4880-x