Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The potential of tannins as thermal co-stabilizer additive for polyvinyl chloride

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current study describes the efficiency of tannins, a flavonoid-type natural polyphenolic compound, and its synergistic effect with commercial-type thermal stabilizer into polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Thermal stabilization of PVC has been assessed in an oxidizing atmosphere by rheometric studies and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). In addition, the effect of this phenolic compound on the dynamic mechanical thermal properties has been quantified with the use of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Also the polymer surface morphology has been estimated by scanning electron microscopy technique. The main degradation stage of PVC samples in TG curves is slightly increased with increasing the tannin compositions in the polymer system. DMTA measurements were done to investigate the tannin effects on the viscoelastic properties of PVC. Before the glass transition temperature, g, of PVC, the DMTA curves show that the values of storage modulus and tan delta of PVC with and without tannins are very similar. In a sequence, after the glass temperature of PVC samples, the DMTA curves confirmed that the PVC samples with tannins have relatively longer flowing stage occurred at lower temperatures by (15–17) °C, as well as lower g by about (4–7) °C per that of PVC sample free from tannins. Global results of TG (DTG) and DMTA show that the thermal stability and thermal flexibility of PVC are slightly increased with the incorporation of tannins.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Xu X, Chen S, Wu B, Ma M, Shi Y, Wang X. Effect of allantoin on the stabilization efficiency of Ca–Zn thermal stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119(1):597–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Smith V, Magalhaes S, Schneider S. The role of PVC additives in the potential formation of NAPLs. Report, from AMEC to NDARWMD, The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority’s Radioactive Waste Management Directorate, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority 2013. All rights reserved. AMEC/PPE/2834/001, 22 Jan 2013. Available at: www.nda.gov.uk. Accessed at 12-9-2014.

  3. Starnes WH. Structural and mechanistic aspects of the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27:2133–70. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00063-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. McKeen LW. Plastics used in medical devices, Chap. 3. In: Ebnesajjad S, Modjarrad K, editors. Handbook of polymer applications in medicine and medical devices. Oxford: Elsevier Inc.; 2014. p. 21–53. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Owen ED. Degradation and stabilization of PVC. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD.; 1984. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5618-6.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Bueno-Ferrer C, Garrigós MC, Jiménez A. Characterization and thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with epoxidized soybean oil for food packaging. Polym Degrad Stab. 2010;XXX:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Taghizadeh MT, Nalbandi N, Bahadori A. Stabilizing effect of epoxidized sunflower oil as a secondary stabilizer for Ca/Hg stabilized PVC. Express Polym Lett. 2008;2(1):65–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sabaa MW, Mohamed RR, Oraby EH. Vanillin–Schiff’s bases as organic thermal stabilizers and co-stabilizers for rigid poly (vinyl chloride). Eur Polym J. 2009;45:3072–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Crozier A, Jaganath IB, Clifford MN. Phenols, polyphenols and tannins: an overview, Chap. 1. In: Crozier A, Clifford MN, Ashihara H, editors. Plant secondary metabolites: occurrence, structure and role in the human diet. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2006. p. 1–22.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Elaine CR, Elisabete F. Tannin–phenolic resins: synthesis, characterization, and application as matrix in biobased composites reinforced with sisal fibers. Compos B. 2012;2012(43):2851–60. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.049.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Grigsby WJ, Bridson JH, Lomas C, Frey H. Evaluating modified tannin esters as functional additives in polypropylene and biodegradable aliphatic polyester. Macromol Mater Eng. 2014;299:1251–8. doi:10.1002/mame.201400051.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ambrogi V, Cerruti P, Carfagna C, Malinconico M, Marturano V, Perrotti M, Persico P. Natural antioxidants for polypropylene stabilization. Polym Degrad Stab. 2011;96:2152–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Samper MD, Fages E, Fenollar O, Boronat T, Balart R. The potential of flavonoids as natural antioxidants and UV light stabilizers for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;129:1707–16. doi:10.1002/app.38871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Raqueza JM, Deleglise M, Lacrampea MF, Krawczak P. Thermosetting (bio) materials derived from renewable resources: a critical review. Prog Polym Sci. 2010;35:487–509. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wei S-D, Zhou H-C, Lin Y-M, Liao M-M, Chai W-M. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of condensed tannins with potent antioxidant activity from the leaf, stem bark and root bark of Acacia confusa. Molecules. 2010;15:4369–81. doi:10.3390/molecules15064369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Anelise SNF, Carla RFV, Matheus S, Claudia ALC, Maria do CV, Zefa VP. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds in psychotria leaf extracts. Antioxidants. 2014;3:745–57. doi:10.3390/antiox3040745.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Menard KP. Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. New York: CRC Press LLC; 1999. doi:10.1201/9781420049183.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Van Melick HGH, Govaert LE, Meijer HEH. On the origin of strain hardening in glassy polymers. Polymer. 2003;44:2493–502. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00112-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). A beginner’s guide. PerkinElmer, Inc., 2008–2013. www.perkinelmer.com.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. M. Nekomenesh director of Iran Polymer and Petrochemical institute (IPPI) and Dr. G. Naderi the head of international office in this institute for their large support and assistance during the period of carried out of the analysis. The authors also express their appreciation to Eng. H. Hosseini for his help during samples preparation and to the all analysis laboratory technicians of this institute for their helps and for providing the ultimate analysis results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Polymer Research Center, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq

    Hussein Ali Shnawa

  2. Department of Plastics, Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Yousef Jahani

  3. Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq

    Moayad Naeem Khalaf & Abedalameer Hussein Taobi

Authors
  1. Hussein Ali Shnawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yousef Jahani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Moayad Naeem Khalaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abedalameer Hussein Taobi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hussein Ali Shnawa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shnawa, H.A., Jahani, Y., Khalaf, M.N. et al. The potential of tannins as thermal co-stabilizer additive for polyvinyl chloride. J Therm Anal Calorim 123, 1253–1261 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5082-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5082-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation