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Prediction of volume fraction of primary austenite at solidification of lamellar graphite cast iron using thermal analyses

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Abstract

Lamellar graphite cast iron was investigated with carbon equivalents varied between CE = 3.4 and 4.26, cast at various cooling rates between 0.195 and 3.5 °C s−1 covering the limits used for technical applications in the production of complex-shaped lamellar graphite cast iron. Registered cooling curves displaced in two positions in the casting were used to predict the solidification and microstructure formation mechanisms. The predicted volume fraction of primary austenite was compared with the fraction of primary austenite measured on colour micrographs with the help of image analyses. A good correlation has been obtained for medium and slow cooling conditions, while a less good correlation at fast cooling condition was attributed to the used protective environment to preserve thermocouples. The observed fraction and the predicted fraction of primary austenite were in good correlation and followed a consequent variation dependent on the carbon equivalent. Furthermore, the quality of the prediction was dependent on the used numerical algorithm involving cooling information from either one or two thermocouples.

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Abbreviations

\( C_{\text{p}} \) :

Heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

\( C_{\text{v}} \) :

Volumetric heat capacity (J m−3 K−1)

\( {\text{CE}} \) :

Carbon equivalent

\( \dot{T} \) :

Cooling rate (°C s−1)

T :

Temperature (°C)

Z F :

Fourier zero line (°C s−1)

Z N :

Newtonian zero line (°C s−1)

\( f_{\text{s}} \) :

Fraction solidified metal

\( f_{\gamma }^{\text{A}} \) :

Fraction liquid

k :

Thermal conductivity (Wm−1 K−1)

\( \dot{q}_{\text{sol}} \), \( q_{\text{s}} \) :

Released heat during solidification used in heat conduction equation (Wm−3)

\( t_{\text{b}} \) :

Start time of solidification (s)

\( t_{\text{e}} \) :

End time of solidification (s)

\( \alpha \) :

Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)

\( \nabla^{2} T \) :

Laplace operator

\( \rho \) :

Density (kg m−3)

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Acknowledgements

The present work was performed within the Casting Innovation Centre and financed by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation. Cooperating parties in the project are Jönköping University, Swerea SWECAST AB, Scania CV AB and Volvo Powertrain Production Gjuteriet AB. Participating persons from these institutions/companies are acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials and Manufacturing - Foundry Technology, Jönköping University School of Engineering, Gjuterigatan 5, 55111, Jönköping, Sweden

    Attila Diószegi & Vasile-Lucian Diaconu

  2. Swerea Swecast AB, Tullportsgatan 3, 55322, Jönköping, Sweden

    Vasilios Fourlakidis

Authors
  1. Attila Diószegi
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  2. Vasile-Lucian Diaconu
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  3. Vasilios Fourlakidis
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vasile-Lucian Diaconu.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Figs. 14–19.

Fig. 14
figure 14

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat C, fast cooling rate

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Fig. 15
figure 15

Colour etched microstructure, heat C, fast cooling rate, (131 µm × 98 µm)

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Fig. 16
figure 16

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat C, intermediate cooling rate

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Fig. 17
figure 17

Colour etched microstructure, heat C, intermediate cooling rate, (328 µm × 246 µm)

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Fig. 18
figure 18

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat C, slow cooling rate

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Fig. 19
figure 19

Colour etched microstructure, heat C, slow cooling rate, (656 µm × 492 µm)

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Appendix 2

See Figs. 20–27.

Fig. 20
figure 20

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat A, intermediate cooling

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Fig. 21
figure 21

Colour etched microstructure, heat A, intermediate cooling, (328 µm × 246 µm)

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Fig. 22
figure 22

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat B, intermediate cooling

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Fig. 23
figure 23

Colour etched microstructure, heat B, intermediate cooling, (328 µm × 246 µm)

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Fig. 24
figure 24

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat C, intermediate cooling

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Fig. 25
figure 25

Colour etched microstructure, heat C, intermediate cooling, (328 µm × 246 µm)

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Fig. 26
figure 26

Registered cooling curve and calculated cooling rate, heat D, intermediate cooling

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Fig. 27
figure 27

Colour etched microstructure, heat D, intermediate cooling, (328 µm × 246 µm)

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Diószegi, A., Diaconu, VL. & Fourlakidis, V. Prediction of volume fraction of primary austenite at solidification of lamellar graphite cast iron using thermal analyses. J Therm Anal Calorim 124, 215–225 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5158-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5158-z

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