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Measurement of thermal conductivity and viscosity of ZnO–SiO2 hybrid nanofluids

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Abstract

Preparing and defining of thermal properties of new type hybrid nanofluids are essential to understand the fluidity mechanism of hybrid nanofluids and select suitable nanofluids in terms of application. This research aims to provide an alternative fluid for different applications and complete the new type of nanofluid necessity in the literature that has been reported by different research groups. In this current investigation, water-based ZnO–SiO2 hybrid nanofluid is prepared by using the two-step method, and thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity values are experimentally specified. ZnO–SiO2 hybrid nanofluid has 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% with 50% ZnO-50% SiO2; 33.3% ZnO-66.6% SiO2, and 66.6% ZnO-33.3% SiO2 nanoparticle mixtures. Thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are experimentally measured from 20 to 60 °C. Maximum thermal conductivity rising is 2.26%, and it is obtained for 1% ZnO0.66–SiO 0.332 at 50 °C. Maximum dynamic viscosity increment is measured as 1.36 times of base fluid for 1% ZnO0.33–SiO 0.662 at 50 °C. Changes in thermal properties are reasonable to use ZnO–SiO2 hybrid nanofluid in different thermal applications to increase system heat transfer rate and efficiency and reduce pressure drop and power consumption. Finally, two different regression equations are developed to predict the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity, respectively.

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Abbreviations

A.D.:

Average deviation

Al2O3 :

Aluminum oxide

c :

Constant of viscometer, (cSt s−1)

C.D.:

Coefficient of determination

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

Cp :

Specific heat, (J kg−1 K−1)

CuO:

Copper(II) oxide

d:

Diameter (m)

DWCNTs:

Double-walled carbon nanotubes

e :

Euler's number

EG:

Ethylene glycol

k:

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

K H :

The shape factor of the particle

m:

Mass (kg)

M.D.:

Maximum deviation

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

R:

Mixture ratio

R113:

1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Cl2FC-CClF2)

S.D.:

Standard deviation

S.E.:

Standard error

SiO2 :

Silicon dioxide

T:

Temperature (°C)

t :

Efflux time (s)

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

TK :

Temperature (K)

TK0 :

Reference temperature, (273 K)

w :

Mass fraction of nanoparticles

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

ZnO 0.33-SiO 0.662 :

33.3% ZnO, 66.6% SiO2

ZnO 0.50-SiO 0.502 :

50% ZnO, 50% SiO2

ZnO 0.66-SiO 0.332 :

66.6% ZnO, 33.3% SiO2

µ :

Dynamic viscosity (mPa s)

ɸ :

Volume concentration (%)

α:

Thermal diffusivity (m2 s–1)

β :

Fraction of liquid volume traveling with a particle

κ:

Boltzmann constant, (1.381 × 10–23 J K–1)

ρ:

Density (kg m–3)

bf:

Base fluid

exp:

Experimental data

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

p:

Particle

r:

Relative

reg.eq.:

Regression equation

w:

Water

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant of the Trakya University Coordinatorship of Scientific Research Projects, TÜBAP, Project no: 2019/16. All authors are indebted to Trakya University Coordinatorship of Scientific Research Projects for the financial assistance, Istanbul Arel University’s Polymer Technologies and Composite Application Center (POTKAM) for FESEM image, and Yildiz Technical University’s Science and Technology Application and Research Center for zeta potential measurement. The fourth author acknowledges the support provided by National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) under the "Research Chair Grant", and the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) under Fundamental Fund 2022 (Project: Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Applications in New S-curve Industries).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey

    Gökberk Yalçın & Semiha Öztuna

  2. Heat and Thermodynamics Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç

  3. Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

    Somchai Wongwises

  4. National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand

    Somchai Wongwises

Authors
  1. Gökberk Yalçın
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  2. Semiha Öztuna
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  3. Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç
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  4. Somchai Wongwises
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Correspondence to Gökberk Yalçın.

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Yalçın, G., Öztuna, S., Dalkılıç, A.S. et al. Measurement of thermal conductivity and viscosity of ZnO–SiO2 hybrid nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 8243–8259 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11076-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11076-8

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