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What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species?

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Abstract

Context

Landscape ecologists are often interested in measuring the effects of an environmental variable on a biological response; however, the strength and direction of effect depend on the size of the area within which the environmental variable is measured. Thus a central objective is to identify the optimal spatial extent within which to measure the environmental variable, i.e. the “scale of effect”.

Objectives

Our objectives are (1) to provide a comprehensive summary of the hypotheses concerning what determines the scale of effect, (2) to provide predictions that can be tested in empirical studies, and (3) to show, with a review of the literature, that most of these predictions have so far been inadequately tested.

Methods

We propose 14 predictions derived from five hypotheses explaining what determines the scale of effect, and review the literature (if any) supporting each prediction. These predictions involve five types of factors: (A) species traits, (B) landscape variables, (C) biological responses (e.g. abundance vs. occurrence), (D) indirect influences, and (E) regional context of the study. We identify methodological issues that hinder estimation of the scale of effect.

Results

Of the 14 predictions, only nine have been tested empirically and only five have received some empirical support. Most support is from simulation studies. Empirical evidence usually does not support predictions.

Conclusions

The study of the spatial scale at which landscape variables influence biological outcomes is in its infancy. We provide directions for future research by clarifying predictions concerning the determinants of the scale of effect.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a postdoctoral grant to P. Miguet from INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) grant to L. Fahrig. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Unité PSH (Plantes & Systèmes de culture Horticoles), 228 route de l’Aérodrome, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France

    Paul Miguet

  2. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory (GLEL), Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    Paul Miguet, Amanda E. Martin & Lenore Fahrig

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1610, USA

    Heather B. Jackson & Nathan D. Jackson

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  1. Paul Miguet
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  2. Heather B. Jackson
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  3. Nathan D. Jackson
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  4. Amanda E. Martin
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  5. Lenore Fahrig
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Miguet.

Additional information

Special issue: Multi-scale habitat modeling.

Guest Editors: K. McGarigal and S. A. Cushman.

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Miguet, P., Jackson, H.B., Jackson, N.D. et al. What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species?. Landscape Ecol 31, 1177–1194 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0314-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0314-1

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