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Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG

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Abstract

Implicit motive research has shown that implicit motives are important predictors of behavior and well-being. However, little is known about the interrelationship between the different implicit motives measures frequently applied. We aimed to shed light on the convergent validity of three implicit motive measures and wanted to test their assumed statistical independence from three explicit motive measures. Therefore, we administered the picture story exercise (PSE), the operant motive test (OMT), and the multi-motive grid in one and the same study. As explicit measures, we used the personality research form, the motive enactment test, and a goal questionnaire. We investigated the statistical overlaps between all these measures (sample: 202 undergraduate students) and found that the implicit motive measures showed either no or only little correlation with each other. Furthermore, they also partly correlated with explicit motive measures. Supplementary analyses showed that the lack of statistical overlap between PSE and OMT can partly be ascribed to their different scoring systems.

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Notes

  1. Besides the picture story exercise (PSE), the operant motive test (OMT), and the multi-motive-grid (MMG) described in detail below, a few other promising methods have been developed. For example, domain-specific measures exist such as the partner-related agency and communion test (PACT; Hagemeyer and Neyer 2012), which assesses implicit communal motives, the Achievement Motive Grid (Schmalt 1999), and the affiliation motive grid (Sokolowski 1992), which are precursors of the MMG. Furthermore, the implicit association test (IAT, Greenwald et al. 1998), based on response latency technique, has successfully been used to assess implicit motives (Brunstein and Schmitt 2004; Slabbinck et al. 2011). Another behavior-based test for assessing achievement motivation is the objective achievement motivation test (Schmidt-Atzert 2004). Here, participants have to navigate a winding road by pressing two keys on the keyboard. The test performance serves as measure of achievement motivation.

  2. The study by Scheffer et al. (2007) was originally designed to test a more complex interaction effect.

  3. We applied Winter’s (1994) scoring rule, according to which several motives can be scored for one story and one motive can be scored several times. When applying the OMT scoring rule, which says that the written material for each picture should only be scored for one motive, we got very similar results. The means for these achievement, affiliation and power motive were 1.78 (SD = 1.07), 2.12 (SD = .85), 1.76 (SD = 1.14). These scores correlated significantly with the scores reported in the text (achievement: r = .74, p < .001; affiliation: r = .51 p < .001; power: r = .81, p < .001) and additionally were significantly related to the corresponding PSE scores (achievement: r = .54, p < .001; affiliation: r = .42, p < .01; power: r = .13, ns).

  4. The internal consistency scores for the PSE (Cronbach’s Alpha between .38 and .44) and for the OMT (Cronbach’s Alpha between .10 and .52) are low (see also Schultheiss et al. 2008). However, as Schultheiss et al. (2008) summarized, internal consistency coefficients are not a suitable criterion to evaluate implicit motive measures’ reliability (e.g., because the interplay between a stable motive and stable incentive cue in the pictures give rise to variable motive expression from one response to pictorial stimuli to the other; see also dynamics of action theory; Atkinson and Birch 1970). A more suitable criterion of reliability is the inter-rater reliability, which is sufficiently high for the PSE and OMT.

  5. When correlating the hope components of each motive measure (OMT scores without categories 5, PSE without achievement category 4 and affiliation category 2, MMG hope scores; for OMT and PSE fear categories see Table 1) rather than using the aggregated score (hope plus fear), the correlation pattern is quite similar. The correlations between the OMT and PSE are an exception. The correlation between OMT-Ach and PSE-Ach changed from r = .12, ns (as reported in Table 2) to r = .18, p < .05. The correlation between OMT-Aff and PSE-Aff increased from r = .10, ns to r = .18, p < .05. However, the OMT-Pow and PSE-Pow correlation was no longer significant, r = .04, ns (rather than r = .15, p < .05).

  6. The reader might wonder why we did not additionally code the OMT-generated text material using the PSE scoring system. We tried to do this, but failed due to the fact that the PSE scoring rules and categories are designed for “running texts” (title of Winter’s coding manual, Winter 1994) and do not seem to be applicable to texts in note form. We would be interested in other authors’ experiences with similar attempts.

  7. See footnote 3.

  8. The newly-generated achievement motive score correlated with the OMT achievement with r = .08, ns and with the MMG achievement score r = .03, ns. The correlations between the newly-generated affiliation (power) motive scores were r = −.05, ns (r = .23, ns) for the OMT and r = .25, p < .10 (r = .21, ns) for the MMG scores.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sport Science, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Julia Schüler & Mirko Wegner

  2. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Veronika Brandstätter

  3. University of Trier, Trier, Germany

    Nicola Baumann

Authors
  1. Julia Schüler
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  2. Veronika Brandstätter
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  3. Mirko Wegner
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  4. Nicola Baumann
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Correspondence to Julia Schüler.

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Schüler, J., Brandstätter, V., Wegner, M. et al. Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG. Motiv Emot 39, 839–857 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9502-1

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