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Size-invariant extended visual cryptography with embedded watermark based on error diffusion

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Abstract

A (2, 2) extended visual cryptography scheme with meaningful shares and no pixel expansion is constructed in this paper. In addition to the secret image, an additional watermark is also embedded to serve for authentication purpose. This watermark can be recovered by stacking a shifted version of one share with the other share. More importantly, the recovered watermark and secret images are free from interferences from the cover images.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61272432), Qingdao science and technology development plan (No. 12-1-4-6-(10)-jch), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. ZR2014JL044). The work of Ya-Fei Wang is also supported by Graduate Innovation Fund of Shandong University of Science and Technology (No. YC140340).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Electronics, Communication and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590, Shandong, China

    Bin Yan, Ya-Fei Wang & Ling-Yun Song

  2. College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590, Shandong, China

    Hong-Mei Yang

Authors
  1. Bin Yan
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  2. Ya-Fei Wang
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  3. Ling-Yun Song
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  4. Hong-Mei Yang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bin Yan.

Appendix

Appendix

In this appendix, we list the pseudo-code describing the reference algorithms used in our experiments. Chen’s random grid based algorithm is shown in Algorithm 1 [2], while Lou’s pixel swapping based visual cryptography algorithm is summarized in Algorithm 2 [14]. Chen’s algorithm encodes only the secret image into the share images, no watermark is embedded, while Lou’s algorithm also embed a watermark into the share images. The embedding process is similar to ours, so we omit it in the pseudo-code.

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Yan, B., Wang, YF., Song, LY. et al. Size-invariant extended visual cryptography with embedded watermark based on error diffusion. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 11157–11180 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2838-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2838-4

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