Abstract
Identification of retinal diseases is a test for the ophthalmologists as the anomalies are just unmistakable at the beginning period. Early detection of these diseases can avoid lasting vision misfortune. Dealing with a lot of retinal images and location of variations from the norm because of these infections is difficult just as tedious. In this work, the deep learning algorithm has proposed to check the abnormality condition of retina with the help of retinal fundus images. In deep leaning a training set is produced with features of variations from the norm present in the retinal images and the infection the retina is experiencing. The deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier predicts the infection for every retinal images in the wake of social event the learning from training the set. The rightness of desire is resolved to evaluate the viability of the classifier. The proposed technique was executed in MATLAB and assessed both normal and abnormal diabetic retinopathy retinal images of IDRID, ROC, and local datasets. The proposed technique has gotten better execution measurements, for example, sensitivity of 98.2%, Specificity of 98.45%, accuracy of 98.56% and average area under receiver operating characteristics of 0.9 when contrasted with different conditions of the workmanship strategies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abràmoff M D, Lou Y, Erginay A, Clarida W, Amelon R, Folk JC, Niemeijer M (2016) Improved automated detection of diabetic retinopathy on a publicly available dataset through integration of deep learning. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57(13):5200–5206
Acharya UR, Fujita H, Lih OS, Hagiwara Y, Tan JH, Adam M (2017) Automated detection of arrhythmias using different intervals of tachycardia ecg segments with convolutional neural network. Inf Sci 405:81–90
Akram MU, Khalid S, Tariq A, Khan SA, Azam F (2014) Detection and classification of retinal lesions for grading of diabetic retinopathy. Comput Biol Med 45:161–171
Alghamdi HS, Tang HL, Waheeb SA, Peto T (2016) Automatic Optic disc abnormality detection in fundus images: a deep learning approach. In: Chen X, Garvin MK, Liu J, Trucco E, Xu Y (eds) Proceedings of the ophthalmic medical image analysis third international workshop, OMIA 2016, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2016, Athens, pp 17–24, DOI https://doi.org/10.17077/omia.1042, (to appear in print)
Arcadu F, Benmansour F, Maunz A, Willis J, Haskova Z, Prunotto M (2019) Deep learning algorithm predicts diabetic retinopathy progression in individual patients. NPJ Digit Med 2(1):1–9
Aziza EZ, El Amine LM, Mohamed M, Abdelhafid B (2019) Decision tree cart algorithm for diabetic retinopathy classification. In: 2019 6th international conference on image and signal processing and their applications (ISPA). IEEE, pp 1–5
Banerjee S, Chowdhury AR (2015) Case based reasoning in the detection of retinal abnormalities using decision trees. Procedia Comput Sci 46:402–408
Bishop CM (2006) Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer, Berlin
Chai Y, Liu H, Xu J (2018) Glaucoma diagnosis based on both hidden features and domain knowledge through deep learning models. Knowl-Based Syst 161:147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.07.043
Choi JY, Yoo TK, Seo JG, Kwak J, Um TT, Rim TH (2017) Multi-categorical deep learning neural network to classify retinal images: a pilot study employing small database. PloS One 12(11):1–16
Chowdhury AR, Banerjee S (2017) Towards an automated approach to the detection of retinal abnormalities. CSI Trans ICT 5(1):71–78
Chudzik P, Al-Diri B, Calivá F, Ometto G, Hunter A (2018) Exudates segmentation using fully convolutional neural network and auxiliary codebook. In: 2018 40th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). IEEE, pp 770–773
Colas E, Besse A, Orgogozo A, Schmauch B, Meric N, Besse E (2016) Deep learning approach for diabetic retinopathy screening. Acta Ophthalmol 94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0635
El Abbadi NK, Al-Saadi EH (2013) Automatic detection of exudates in retinal images. Int J Comput Sci Issues (IJCSI) 10(2 Part 1):237
dos Santos Ferreira MV, de Carvalho Filho AO, de Sousa AD, Silva AC, Gattass M (2018) Convolutional neural network and texture descriptor-based automatic detection and diagnosis of glaucoma. Expert Syst Appl 110:250–263
García G, Gallardo J, Mauricio A, López J, Del Carpio C (2017) Detection of diabetic retinopathy based on a convolutional neural network using retinal fundus images. In: International conference on artificial neural networks. Springer, Berlin, pp 635–642
Gargeya R, Leng T (2017) Automated identification of diabetic retinopathy using deep learning. Ophthalmology 124(7):962–969
Ghazal M, Ali SS, Mahmoud AH, Shalaby AM, El-Baz A (2020) Accurate detection of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in optical coherence tomography images using convolutional neural networks. IEEE Access 8:34387–34397
Gulshan V, Peng L, Coram M, Stumpe MC, Wu D, Narayanaswamy A, Venugopalan S, Widner K, Madams T, Cuadros J et al (2016) Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA 316(22):2402–2410
Hatanaka Y, Ogohara K, Sunayama W, Miyashita M, Muramatsu C, Fujita H (2018) Automatic microaneurysms detection on retinal images using deep convolution neural network. In: 2018 international workshop on advanced image technology (IWAIT). IEEE, pp 1–2
Issac A, Sarathi MP, Dutta MK (2015) An adaptive threshold based image processing technique for improved glaucoma detection and classification. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 122(2):229–244
Jassim FA, Altaani FH (2013) Hybridization of otsu method and median filter for color image segmentation. arXiv:1305.1052
Kausu T, Gopi VP, Wahid KA, Doma W, Niwas SI (2018) Combination of clinical and multiresolution features for glaucoma detection and its classification using fundus images. Biocybern Biomed Eng 38(2):329–341
Kose C, Ikibas C (2010) Statistical techniques for detection of optic disc and macula and parameters measurement in retinal fundus images. J Med Biol Eng 31(6):395–404
Larsen M, Godt J, Larsen N, Lund-Andersen H, Sjølie AK, Agardh E, Kalm H, Grunkin M, Owens DR (2003) Automated detection of fundus photographic red lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(2):761–766
Li F, Liu Z, Chen H, Jiang M, Zhang X, Wu Z (2019) Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs based on deep learning algorithm. Transl Vis Sci Technol 8(6):4–4
Lin GM, Chen MJ, Yeh CH, Lin YY, Kuo HY, Lin MH, Chen MC, Lin SD, Gao Y, Ran A et al (2018) Transforming retinal photographs to entropy images in deep learning to improve automated detection for diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol, 2018
Mo J, Zhang L, Feng Y (2018) Exudate-based diabetic macular edema recognition in retinal images using cascaded deep residual networks. Neurocomputing 290:161–171
Niemeijer M, van Ginneken B, Russell SR, Suttorp-Schulten MS, Abramoff MD (2007) Automated detection and differentiation of drusen, exudates, and cotton-wool spots in digital color fundus photographs for diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(5):2260–2267
Niemeijer M, Van Ginneken B, Cree MJ, Mizutani A, Quellec G, Sánchez C I, Zhang B, Hornero R, Lamard M, Muramatsu C et al (2010) Retinopathy online challenge: automatic detection of microaneurysms in digital color fundus photographs. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29(1):185–195
Porwal P, Pachade S, Kamble R, Kokare M, Deshmukh G, Sahasrabuddhe V, Meriaudeau F (2018) Indian diabetic retinopathy image dataset (idrid): a database for diabetic retinopathy screening research. Data 3(3):25
Quellec G, Charrière K, Boudi Y, Cochener B, Lamard M (2017) Deep image mining for diabetic retinopathy screening. Med Image Anal 39:178–193
Qummar S, Khan FG, Shah S, Khan A, Shamshirband S, Rehman ZU, Khan IA, Jadoon W (2019) A deep learning ensemble approach for diabetic retinopathy detection. IEEE Access 7:150530–150539
Raghavendra U, Fujita H, Bhandary SV, Gudigar A, Tan JH, Acharya UR (2018) Deep convolution neural network for accurate diagnosis of glaucoma using digital fundus images. Inf Sci 441:41–49
Rakhlin A (2018) Diabetic retinopathy detection through integration of deep learning classification framework. bioRxiv p 225508
Raman V, Then P, Sumari P (2016) Proposed retinal abnormality detection and classification approach: computer aided detection for diabetic retinopathy by machine learning approaches. In: 2016 8th IEEE international conference on communication software and networks (ICCSN). IEEE, pp 636–641
Rekhi RS, Issac A, Dutta MK (2017) Automated detection and grading of diabetic macular edema from digital colour fundus images. In: 2017 4th IEEE Uttar Pradesh section international conference on electrical, computer and electronics (UPCON). IEEE, pp 482–486
Rekhi RS, Issac A, Dutta MK, Travieso CM (2017) Automated classification of exudates from digital fundus images. In: 2017 international conference and workshop on bioinspired intelligence (IWOBI). IEEE, pp 1–6
Ruamviboonsuk P, Krause J, Chotcomwongse P, Sayres R, Raman R, Widner K, Campana BJ, Phene S, Hemarat K, Tadarati M et al (2019) Deep learning versus human graders for classifying diabetic retinopathy severity in a nationwide screening program. NPJ Digit Med 2(1):1–9
Sahlsten J, Jaskari J, Kivinen J, Turunen L, Jaanio E, Hietala K, Kaski K (2019) Deep learning fundus image analysis for diabetic retinopathy and macular edema grading. Sci Rep 9(1):1–11
Salam AA, Akram MU, Arouj A, Basit I, Shaqur T, Javed H, Wazir K et al (2017) Benchmark data set for glaucoma detection with annotated cup to disc ratio. In: 2017 International conference on signals and systems (ICSigSys). IEEE, pp 227–233
Sathananthavathi V, Indumathi G, Rajalakshmi R (2017) Abnormalities detection in retinal fundus images. In: 2017 International conference on inventive communication and computational technologies (ICICCT). IEEE, pp 89–93
Sengar N, Dutta MK, Burget R, Povoda L (2015) Detection of diabetic macular edema in retinal images using a region based method. In: 2015 38th International conference on telecommunications and signal processing (TSP). IEEE, pp 412–415
Shah P, Mishra DK, Shanmugam MP, Doshi B, Jayaraj H, Ramanjulu R (2020) Validation of deep convolutional neural network-based algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy–artificial intelligence versus clinician for screening. Indian J Ophthalmol 68(2):398
Simard PY, Steinkraus D, Platt JC et al (2003) Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis. In: Icdar, vol 3
Sopharak A, Nwe KT, Moe YA, Dailey MN, Uyyanonvara B et al (2008) Automatic exudate detection with a naive bayes classifier. In: International conference on embedded systems and intelligent technology, pp 139–142
Srinivasan PP, Kim LA, Mettu PS, Cousins SW, Comer GM, Izatt JA, Farsiu S (2014) Fully automated detection of diabetic macular edema and dry age-related macular degeneration from optical coherence tomography images. Biomed Opt Express 5(10):3568–3577
Takahashi H, Tampo H, Arai Y, Inoue Y, Kawashima H (2017) Applying artificial intelligence to disease staging: deep learning for improved staging of diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE 12(6):e0179790. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179790
Tymchenko B, Marchenko P, Spodarets D (2020) Deep learning approach to diabetic retinopathy detection. arXiv:2003.02261
Walter T, Klein JC, Massin P, Erginay A (2002) A contribution of image processing to the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy-detection of exudates in color fundus images of the human retina. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 21(10):1236–1243
Yamuna T, Maheswari S (2013) Detection of abnormalities in retinal images. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on emerging trends in computing, communication and nanotechnology (ICECCN). IEEE, pp 236–240
Youssif AAHAR, Ghalwash AZ, Ghoneim AASAR (2007) Optic disc detection from normalized digital fundus images by means of a vessels’ direction matched filter. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27(1):11–18
Yu X, Hsu W, Lee WS, Lozano-Pérez T (2004) Abnormality detection in retinal images
Zahoor MN, Fraz MM (2017) Fast optic disc segmentation in retina using polar transform. IEEE Access 5:12293–12300
Zilly JG, Buhmann JM, Mahapatra D (2015) Boosting convolutional filters with entropy sampling for optic cup and disc image segmentation from fundus images. In: International workshop on machine learning in medical imaging. Springer, Berlin, pp 136–143
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge The Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image dataset(IDRID), Retinopathy Online Challenge (ROC) dataset for making online and also acknowledge Dr.Parthapratim Roy, Ophthalmologist, department of Ophthalmology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, India for provided real time retinal fundus image and valuable guidelines for writing this paper. The authors would like to thank Dr.Tripti Goel, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam for helping to validate this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Informed Consent
There is no individual participant included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murugan, R., Roy, P. & Singh, U. An abnormality detection of retinal fundus images by deep convolutional neural networks. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 24949–24967 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09217-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09217-6