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Best track parameters of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean: a review

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Abstract

India Meteorological Department has the responsibility of monitoring and prediction of cyclonic disturbances (CDs) including tropical cyclone (TC) and depression, collection, processing and archival of all data pertaining to CDs and preparation of best track data over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). The process of post-season analysis of CDs to determine the best estimate of a CD’s position and intensity along with other characteristics during its lifetime is described as ’best tracking’. The best tracking procedure has undergone several changes world-over including NIO due to change in definition and classification of TCs, monitoring and analysis tools and procedure and physical understanding of TCs. There have been a few attempts to document the temporal changes in the best track procedure including changes in observational network, monitoring technique, area of responsibility for monitoring, terminology and classification of the TCs over the NIO. Hence, a study has been undertaken to review the temporal variations in all the above aspects of best tracking procedure and its impact on quality of best track parameters over the NIO. The problems and prospective with the best track data over the (NIO) have been presented and discussed. Based on quality and availability, the whole period of best track information may be broadly classified into four phases, viz. (i) pre-1877, (ii) 1877–1890, (iii) 1891–1960 and (iv) 1961–2010. The period of 1961–2010 may be further classified into (a) 1961–1973, (b) 1974–1990 and (c) 1991–2010. As optimum observational network including satellite leading to better estimation of location and intensity without missing of CDs was available since 1961, the climatology of genesis, location, intensity, movement (track) and landfall can be best represented based on the data set of 1961–2010. The best track parameters need to be reanalysed since 1891, based on the present criteria/classification of CDs to develop a digital data set of every six hourly position, intensity and other characteristics throughout the life period of each recorded CD over the NIO to meet the world standard. At least attempt should be made from 1974 when all types of major data including satellite, radar, surface and upper air observations are available for best track analysis. The reanalysis of best track parameters can help in better understanding and prediction of CDs and address the issues related to climate change aspects over the NIO region.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Cyclone Warning Division, IMD, New Delhi, for arranging the data/information for preparation of this manuscript. They are also thankful to reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions for modification of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cyclone Warning Division, India Meteorological Department, Mausam Bhavan, Lodi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India

    M. Mohapatra, B. K. Bandyopadhyay & Ajit Tyagi

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  1. M. Mohapatra
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  2. B. K. Bandyopadhyay
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  3. Ajit Tyagi
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Correspondence to M. Mohapatra.

Annexure

Annexure

Annexure I Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances (maximum wind speed of 17 knots or more), cyclones (34 knots or more) and severe cyclones (48 knots or more) over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and total sea surface (BOB + AS), excluding short-lived systems (systems with life period of less than one day)
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Mohapatra, M., Bandyopadhyay, B.K. & Tyagi, A. Best track parameters of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean: a review. Nat Hazards 63, 1285–1317 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9935-0

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