Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges. Boğaziçi (The First Bosporus) and Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosporus) suspension bridges built in Istanbul, Turkey, are selected as numerical examples. Both bridges have almost the same span. While Boğaziçi Suspension Bridge has inclined hangers, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge has vertical hangers. Geometric nonlinearity including P-delta effects from self-weight of the bridges is taken into account in the determination of the dynamic behavior of the suspension bridges for near-fault and far-fault ground motions. Near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records, which have approximately identical peak ground accelerations, of 1999 Chi-Chi, 1999 Kocaeli, and 1979 Imperial Valley earthquakes are selected for the analyses. Displacements and internal forces of the bridges are determined using the finite element method including geometric nonlinearity. The displacements and internal forces obtained from the dynamic analyses of suspension bridges subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is clearly seen that near-fault ground motions are more effective than far-fault ground motion on the displacements and internal forces such as bending moment, shear force and axial forces of the suspension bridges.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Ghaffar AM (1976) Dynamic analyses of suspension bridge structures. EERL 76-01, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Abdel-Ghaffar AM (1980) Vertical vibration analysis of suspension bridges. J Struct Div 106:2053–2074
Abdel-Ghaffar AM, Rubin LI (1982) Suspension bridge response to multiple-support excitations. J Eng Mech 108:419–435
Abdel-Ghaffar AM, Rubin LI (1983a) Nonlinear free vibrations of suspension bridges. J Eng Mech 109:313–345
Abdel-Ghaffar AM, Rubin LI (1983b) Vertical seismic behaviour of suspension bridges. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 11:1–19
Abdel-Ghaffar AM, Stringfellow RG (1984) Response of suspension bridges to travelling earthquake excitations. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 3:62–81
Adanur S (2003) Geometrically nonlinear deterministic and stochastic analyses of suspension bridges to multiple support seismic excitations. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon
Agrawal AK, He WL (2002) A closed-form approximation of near-fault ground motion pulses for flexible structures. In: 15th ASCE engineering mechanics conference, New York
Akkar S, Yazgan U, Gulkan P (2005) Drift estimates in frame buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions. J Struct Eng ASCE 131:1014–1024
Altunışık AC, Bayraktar A, Adanur S (2006) Effect of hanger shapes on the geometric nonlinear static and dynamic responses of Bosporus suspension bridge. In: 17th International congress on advances in civil engineering, İstanbul
Archuleta RJ, Hartzell SH (1981) Effect of fault finiteness on near-source ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:939–957
Bayraktar A, Altunisik AC, Sevim B, Kartal ME, Turker T (2008) Near-fault ground motion effects on the nonlinear response of dam-reservoir-foundation systems. Struct Eng Mech 28:11–42
Bray JD, Marek AR (2004) Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:815–828
Brown WC, Parsons MF (1975) Bosporus Bridge, part 1: history of design. Proc Inst Civ Eng 1(58):505–532
Brownjohn JMW (1994) Observations on non-linear dynamic characteristics of suspension bridges. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 23:1351–1367
Brownjohn JMW, Dumanoğlu AA, Severn RT (1992) Ambient vibration survey of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet suspension bridge. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 21:907–924
Chopra AK, Chintanapakdee C (2001) Comparing response of SDF systems to near-fault and far-fault earthquake motions in the context of spectral regions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 30:1769–1789
Corigliano M, Lai CG, Barla G (2006) Seismic response of rock tunnels in near-fault conditions. In: 1st European conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, Switzerland
Dicleli M, Buddaram S (2007) Equivalent linear analysis of seismic-isolated bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions with forward rupture directivity effect. Eng Struct 29:21–32
Dumanoğlu AA, Severn RT (1985) Asynchronous seismic analysis of modern suspension bridges. Part 1: Free vibration, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol
Dumanoğlu AA, Severn RT (1987) Seismic response of modern suspension bridges to asynchronous vertical ground motion. Proc Inst Civ Eng 83:701–730
Dumanoğlu AA, Severn RT (1989) Seismic response of modern suspension bridges to asynchronous longitudinal and lateral ground motion. Proc Inst Civ Eng 87:73–86
Dumanoğlu AA, Severn RT (1990) Stochastic response of suspension bridges to earthquake forces. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 19:133–152
Dumanoğlu AA, Brownjohn JMW, Severn RT, Blakeborough A (1989) Ambient vibration survey of the bosporus suspension bridge. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 18:263–283
Dumanoğlu AA, Brownjohn JMW, Severn RT (1992) Seismic analysis of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosporus) Suspension Bridge. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 21:881–906
Freeman, Fox and Partners (1968) Bosporus bridge calculations. Westminster, London, S.W.I
Galal K, Ghobarah A (2006) Effect of near-fault earthquakes on North American nuclear design spectra. Nucl Eng Des 236:1928–1936
Ghahari F, Jahankhah H, Ghannad MA (2006) The effect of background record on response of structures subjected to near-fault ground motions. In: 1st European conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, Switzerland
Hall JF, Heaton TH, Halling MW, Wald DJ (1995) Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings. Earthq Spectra 11:569–605
Harichandran RS, Hawwari A, Sweiden BN (1996) Response of long-span bridges to spatially varying ground motion. J Struct Eng 122:476–484
Hyun CH, Yun CB, Lee DG (1992) Nonstationary response analysis of suspension bridges for multiple support excitations. Prob Eng Mech 7:27–35
Liao WI, Loh CH, Lee BH (2004) Comparison of dynamic response of isolated and non-isolated continuous girder bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions. Eng Struct 26:2173–2183
Malhotra PK (1999) Response of buildings to near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 28:1309–1326
Megawati K, Higashihara H, Koketsu K (2001) Derivation of near-source ground motions of the 1995 Kobe (Hyogo-ken Nanbu) earthquake from vibration records of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and its implications. Eng Struct 23:1256–1268
Nakamura Y, Der Kiureghian A, Liu D (1993) Multiple-support response spectrum analysis of the Golden Gate Bridge. Report No. UCB/EERC-93/05, Berkeley (CA), Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, University of California
Ohmachi T, Jalali A (1999) Fundamental study on near-fault effects on earthquake response of arch dams. Earthq Eng Eng Seismol 1:1–11
PEER (2008) http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/data. Accessed 13 March 2008
Pulido N, Kubo T (2004) Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 Tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model. Tectonophysics 390:177–192
Rao BP, Jangid RS (2001) Performance of sliding systems under near-fault motions. Nucl Eng Des 203:259–272
Rassem M, Ghobarah A, Heidebrecht AC (1996) Site effects on the seismic response of a suspension bridge. Eng Struct 18:363–370
SAP2000 (1998) Integrated finite element analysis and design of structures. Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley
Somerville PG (2003) Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys Earth Planet Int 137:201–212
Wang J, Hu S, Wei X (1999) Effects of engineering geological condition on response of suspension bridges. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 18:297–304
Wang GQ, Zhou XY, Zhang PZ, Igel H (2002) Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22:73–96
Zhang YH, Lin JH, Williams FW, Li QS (2005) Wave passage effect of seismic ground motions on the response of multiply supported structures. Struct Eng Mech 20:655–672
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adanur, S., Altunişik, A.C., Bayraktar, A. et al. Comparison of near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges. Nat Hazards 64, 593–614 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0259-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0259-5