Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Policy Sciences 2/2007

01.06.2007

Trade versus aid: donor generosity in an era of globalization

verfasst von: Erik Lundsgaarde, Christian Breunig, Aseem Prakash

Erschienen in: Policy Sciences | Ausgabe 2/2007

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Why do foreign aid budgets vary across countries and over time? Existing research indicates that the same set of factors shapes commitments toward both domestic and international redistribution. While scholars have acknowledged international normative influences on aid allocations, research on levels of donor generosity has not examined how international trade influences aid budgets. This paper examines whether imports from developing countries have a ‘displacement effect’ on aid commitments. Employing a panel of nineteen OECD donor countries, we analyze aid budgets from 1980 to 2000. We find that increased imports from developing countries to donor countries are associated with aid reductions. These results persist after controlling for international and domestic variables identified in previous research, and under other estimation techniques and model specifications.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
The literature on budgetary politics is well-established in political science. Key works include Wildavsky (1992), and Jones et al. (1998). Unlike these works, this paper has a cross-country focus. This study also differs from Jones et al. (1998) insofar as we are not studying whether (and why) in a given country there were periods of stability and change regarding instrument choice.
 
2
‘Trade, not aid’ has a long history in development discourse, notably in the United States, where the slogan figured prominently in the Eisenhower administration’s aid program (Kaufman 1982). However, the emphasis on aid as a development instrument increased under the Kennedy administration as manifested in programs such as the Alliance for Aid under which Kennedy pledged $20 billion in aid to Latin America.
 
3
“Trade not Aid, Says Minister.” The New Vision. http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/362360. Published May 26, 2004.
 
4
Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University nationwide poll conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates. June 13-23, 2002. http://www.pollingreport.com/defense.htm; 09/27/2004.
 
5
The Gallup Poll. May 18–21, 2000. http://www.pollingreport.com/defense.htm; 09/27/2004.
 
6
This measure comes from UNCTAD’s Handbook of Statistics Online. The ‘Developing Country Economies’ listed by UNCTAD with limited exceptions overlap with the Part I Countries that the dependent variable measure covers. Several former-Soviet republics in Central Asia are not listed as ‘Developing Country Economies’ by UNCTAD although the OECD does list them as Part I aid recipients. However, most post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, along with Russia and Ukraine, are excluded from both the ODA measure and the trade measure. There is one other category of exceptions: trade figures for high-income developing countries which were transferred to the DAC’s Part II list in the late 1990s are listed as ‘Developing Country Economies’ by UNCTAD throughout the period covered.
 
7
In our view, policymakers are unlikely to examine increasing imports on a country-by-country basis from more than 100 developing countries and devise aid reductions accordingly. We speculate they tend to treat developing countries as a group in this regard. Our paper provides an empirical test for this speculation.
 
8
Portfolio flows can also be viewed as vehicles to transfer resources to developing countries. Unlike trade and foreign direct investment, portfolio flows are typically not associated with specific donor countries. Hence, we do not expect them to influence foreign aid decisions of donor countries. To empirically test our argument, we included portfolio flows in a prior model but did not find them significant or highly correlated with developing country imports. Their exclusion does not influence the significance or directionality of the variable of substantive interest.
 
9
We nevertheless checked for the impact of the original socialist welfare state dummy in our model. The variable was statistically insignificant and did not change the results presented below.
 
10
http://www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure.
 
11
The source for these measures of leftist power is the Huber et al. Comparative Welfare States Database, which is the source for the data used in previous studies exploring partisan and welfare state influences on aid politics (Noël and Thérien 1995, 2002). We also examined our model by excluding all the cumulative partisanship measures and our substantive results remained unchanged. We decided to retain these measures because they offer a plausible hypothesis that is contrary to the ‘trade, not aid’ argument.
 
12
These measures combine the values of Christian and Catholic parties of the right and center on the measures of parliamentary seats held by government parties and cumulative power from the Comparative Welfare States Dataset. They are consistent with the measures of Christian Democracy presented by Thérien and Noël (2000) and Huber et al. (1993).
 
13
The Fempar variable comes from the Huber et al. (2004) dataset.
 
14
In additional tests, we also examined our model by including budget deficits as a covariate. Because its inclusion did not affect our substantive results, we decided not to include it in the final model presented in this paper.
 
15
An F-test indicates that both measures are not jointly significant.
 
16
We do not believe that this negative relationship between imports and aid is the result of aid outflows reducing exports to donor countries. One main source of skepticism that reverse causality is at work here is that the size of trade flows far exceeds the volume of aid provided by the donor community (Fleck and Kilby 2006). In 2000, donor imports from developing countries amounted to $1.3 trillion while aid totaled only around $50 billion.
 
17
We have also evaluated whether other changes in the international context have impacted aid decisions by adding year dummies for 1983 to reflect the debt crisis, 1993 to mark the establishment of the European Union, 1995 to indicate the devaluation of the CFA Franc, and 1998 to reflect the Asian Financial Crisis. With the exception of the 1998 year dummy, we find that donors have reduced aid in the wake of these shocks. These results suggest that the negative relationship we observe between trade flows and aid outlays is not a consequence of donors extending additional resources to developing countries to cope with these international shocks.
 
18
Even when we exclude international factors from our model, social expenditures do not become statistically significant. We also examined whether collinearity among our explanatory variables is severe and found no evidence for inflated standard error around each parameter.
 
19
Thérien and Noël (2000) and the earlier studies on which they build test the social spending, welfare state, and partisan influence hypotheses using cross-sectional data from a very limited number of years. In Thérien and Noël (2000), for instance, the reported results draw on an analysis of data for two years only (1980 and 1991). We believe that it is problematic to evaluate the results for these isolated years, only, and have consequently used our data cover all of the years from 1980 to 2000 in attempting to replicate the findings of these studies.
 
20
We also performed separate F-tests to test for joint significance of the two left power variables, the two Christian democratic power variables, and one female power variable. They were not significant either.
 
21
This indirect effect owes to the prospect that governments will attempt to cushion their populations from the potentially negative consequences of increased exposure to international trade by increasing domestic social spending (Cameron 1978; Katzenstein 1985). The nature of domestic redistribution might then shape a state’s propensity for international redistribution.
 
22
A Durbin Wu Hausmann test for endogeneity (Davidson and MacKinnon 1993: 236–242; Wooldridge 2002: chapter 8) suggested that endogeneity may exist for our data. To ensure that Social Spending was not significant due to endogeneity issues, we performed this specification check. The key to this estimation is finding the appropriate instruments. We opted for population size and age dependency ratios are instruments for Social Spending. Neither of the two variables is highly correlated with donor generosity.
 
23
See for example Franzese and Hays (2005) or the papers presented at the APSA (2005) panel “Time-Series Cross-Section Data Analysis.” We employed several other estimation techniques including the removal of the fixed effects and also followed Plümper et al.’s (2005) recommendations regarding the estimation of slowly changing or invariant variables and found that the relationship between trade and aid remains negative and statistically significant.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Achen, C. (2000). Why lagged dependent variables can suppress the explanatory power of other independent variables. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, UCLA. Achen, C. (2000). Why lagged dependent variables can suppress the explanatory power of other independent variables. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, UCLA.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. American Political Science Review, 89, 634–647.CrossRef Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. American Political Science Review, 89, 634–647.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (2004). Time-series cross-section issues: Dynamics. Draft Manuscript. Accessed at: http://polmeth.wustl.edu/retrieve.php?id = 36; 09/01/2004. Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (2004). Time-series cross-section issues: Dynamics. Draft Manuscript. Accessed at: http://​polmeth.​wustl.​edu/​retrieve.​php?​id = 36; 09/01/2004.
Zurück zum Zitat Boli, J., & Thomas, G. M. (Eds.) (1999). Constructing world culture: International non-governmental organizations since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Boli, J., & Thomas, G. M. (Eds.) (1999). Constructing world culture: International non-governmental organizations since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Botcheva, L., & Martin, L. L. (2001). Institutional effects on state behavior: Convergence and divergence. International Studies Quarterly, 45, 1–26.CrossRef Botcheva, L., & Martin, L. L. (2001). Institutional effects on state behavior: Convergence and divergence. International Studies Quarterly, 45, 1–26.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Breuning, M. (2001). Women’s representation and development assistance: A cross-national study. Women and Politics, 23, 35–54.CrossRef Breuning, M. (2001). Women’s representation and development assistance: A cross-national study. Women and Politics, 23, 35–54.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron, D. R. (1978). The expansion of the public economy: A comparative analysis. American Political Science Review, 72, 1243–1261.CrossRef Cameron, D. R. (1978). The expansion of the public economy: A comparative analysis. American Political Science Review, 72, 1243–1261.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Caprioli, M. (2000). Gendered conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 37, 51–68.CrossRef Caprioli, M. (2000). Gendered conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 37, 51–68.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chabbott, C. (1999). Development INGOs. In J. Boli & G. M. Thomas (Eds.), Constructing world culture: International nongovernmental organizations since 1875 (pp. 222–248). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Chabbott, C. (1999). Development INGOs. In J. Boli & G. M. Thomas (Eds.), Constructing world culture: International nongovernmental organizations since 1875 (pp. 222–248). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Collier, P., & Dollar, D. (2004). Development effectiveness: What have we learnt? The Economic Journal, 114, F244–F271.CrossRef Collier, P., & Dollar, D. (2004). Development effectiveness: What have we learnt? The Economic Journal, 114, F244–F271.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (1993). Estimation and inference in econometrics. New York: Oxford University Press. Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (1993). Estimation and inference in econometrics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat De Melo, J., & Panagariya, A. (Eds.) (1992). New regionalism in trade policy. Washington, DC: The World Bank. De Melo, J., & Panagariya, A. (Eds.) (1992). New regionalism in trade policy. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Zurück zum Zitat Dollar, D., & Pritchett, L. (1998). Assessing aid: What works, what doesn’t, and why. New York: Oxford University Press. Dollar, D., & Pritchett, L. (1998). Assessing aid: What works, what doesn’t, and why. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunning, J. (1981). International production and the multinational enterprise. Boston: Allen and Unwin. Dunning, J. (1981). International production and the multinational enterprise. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunning, T. (2004). ‘Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold war politics, donor credibility, and democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58, 409–423.CrossRef Dunning, T. (2004). ‘Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold war politics, donor credibility, and democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58, 409–423.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat European Union. (2004). FAQs. Accessed on September 19, 2004 at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/gentools/faqs_en.htm. European Union. (2004). FAQs. Accessed on September 19, 2004 at: http://​europa.​eu.​int/​comm/​trade/​gentools/​faqs_​en.​htm.​
Zurück zum Zitat Evans, P. B., Jacobson, H. K., & Putnam, R. D. (Eds.) (1993). Double-edged diplomacy: International bargaining and domestic politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Evans, P. B., Jacobson, H. K., & Putnam, R. D. (Eds.) (1993). Double-edged diplomacy: International bargaining and domestic politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Federal News Service. (1990). Remarks of President George Bush at Introduction of the Legislation ‘Enterprise for the Americas Act of 1990’. (September 14). Federal News Service. (1990). Remarks of President George Bush at Introduction of the Legislation ‘Enterprise for the Americas Act of 1990’. (September 14).
Zurück zum Zitat Finnemore, M. (1996). National interests in international society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Finnemore, M. (1996). National interests in international society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleck, R. K., & Kilby, C. (2006). How do political changes influence US bilateral aid allocations? Evidence from panel data. Review of Development Economics, 10, 210–223.CrossRef Fleck, R. K., & Kilby, C. (2006). How do political changes influence US bilateral aid allocations? Evidence from panel data. Review of Development Economics, 10, 210–223.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Franzese, R., & Hays, J. (2005). Spatial econometric models for political science. University of Michigan: Book Manuscript. Franzese, R., & Hays, J. (2005). Spatial econometric models for political science. University of Michigan: Book Manuscript.
Zurück zum Zitat Frieden, J., & Martin, L. L. (2001). International political economy: The state of the sub-discipline. Working Paper. Harvard University. Frieden, J., & Martin, L. L. (2001). International political economy: The state of the sub-discipline. Working Paper. Harvard University.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuyama, F. (2004). The imperatives of state building. Journal of Democracy, 5, 17–31.CrossRef Fukuyama, F. (2004). The imperatives of state building. Journal of Democracy, 5, 17–31.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gourevitch, P. (1978). The second-image reversed. International Organization, 32, 881–912. Gourevitch, P. (1978). The second-image reversed. International Organization, 32, 881–912.
Zurück zum Zitat Green, D. P., Kim, S. Y., & Yoon, D. H. (2001). Dirty pool. International Organization, 55, 441–468.CrossRef Green, D. P., Kim, S. Y., & Yoon, D. H. (2001). Dirty pool. International Organization, 55, 441–468.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Honaker, J., Joseph, A., King, G., Scheve, K., & Singh, N. (2001). Amelia: A program for missing data (Windows version). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Accessed at: http://GKing.Harvard.edu/. Honaker, J., Joseph, A., King, G., Scheve, K., & Singh, N. (2001). Amelia: A program for missing data (Windows version). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Accessed at: http://​GKing.​Harvard.​edu/​.​
Zurück zum Zitat Huber, E., Ragin, C., & Stephens, J. D. (1993). Social democracy, Christian democracy, constitutional structure, and the welfare state. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 711–749.CrossRef Huber, E., Ragin, C., & Stephens, J. D. (1993). Social democracy, Christian democracy, constitutional structure, and the welfare state. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 711–749.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huber, E., Ragin, C., Stephens, J. D., Brady, D., & Beckfield, J. (2004). Comparative welfare states data set. Northwestern University, University of North Carolina, Duke University and Indiana University. Huber, E., Ragin, C., Stephens, J. D., Brady, D., & Beckfield, J. (2004). Comparative welfare states data set. Northwestern University, University of North Carolina, Duke University and Indiana University.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones, B. D., Baumgartner, F. R., & True, J. L. (1998). Policy punctuations: US budget authority, 1947–1995. Journal of Politics, 60, 1–33.CrossRef Jones, B. D., Baumgartner, F. R., & True, J. L. (1998). Policy punctuations: US budget authority, 1947–1995. Journal of Politics, 60, 1–33.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Katzenstein, P. J. (1985). Small states in world markets: Industrial policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Katzenstein, P. J. (1985). Small states in world markets: Industrial policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman, B. I. (1982). Trade and aid: Eisenhower’s foreign economic policy, 1953–1961. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Kaufman, B. I. (1982). Trade and aid: Eisenhower’s foreign economic policy, 1953–1961. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Keohane, R. O., & Milner, H. V. (Eds.) (1996). Internationalization and domestic politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keohane, R. O., & Milner, H. V. (Eds.) (1996). Internationalization and domestic politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat King, G., Honaker, J., Joseph, A., & Scheve, K. (2001). Analyzing incomplete political science data: An alternative algorithm for multiple impuation. American Political Science Review, 95, 49–69. King, G., Honaker, J., Joseph, A., & Scheve, K. (2001). Analyzing incomplete political science data: An alternative algorithm for multiple impuation. American Political Science Review, 95, 49–69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kipkorir, B. (1997). Testimony before the trade sub-committee of the house ways and means committee. Hearing on the African Growth and Opportunity End of Dependency Act of 1996. (April 29). Kipkorir, B. (1997). Testimony before the trade sub-committee of the house ways and means committee. Hearing on the African Growth and Opportunity End of Dependency Act of 1996. (April 29).
Zurück zum Zitat Laatikainen, K. V. (1996). The disillusionment of Nordic aid. In S. W. Hook (Ed.), Foreign aid toward the new millennium (pp. 109–124). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. Laatikainen, K. V. (1996). The disillusionment of Nordic aid. In S. W. Hook (Ed.), Foreign aid toward the new millennium (pp. 109–124). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindsay, J. M. (1986). Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A reexamination. International Studies Quarterly, 30, 153–173.CrossRef Lindsay, J. M. (1986). Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A reexamination. International Studies Quarterly, 30, 153–173.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lumsdaine, D. H. (1993). Moral vision in international politics: The foreign aid regime 1949–1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lumsdaine, D. H. (1993). Moral vision in international politics: The foreign aid regime 1949–1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World society and the nation-state. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 144–181.CrossRef Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World society and the nation-state. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 144–181.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morrissey, O. (2000). Foreign aid in the emerging global trade environment. In F. Tarp (Ed.), Foreign aid and development: Lessons learnt and directions for the future (pp. 375–399). London: Routledge. Morrissey, O. (2000). Foreign aid in the emerging global trade environment. In F. Tarp (Ed.), Foreign aid and development: Lessons learnt and directions for the future (pp. 375–399). London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Myrdal, G. (1960). Beyond the welfare state: Economic planning and its international implications. New Haven: Yale University Press. Myrdal, G. (1960). Beyond the welfare state: Economic planning and its international implications. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Noël, A., & Thérien, J. P. (2002). Public opinion and global justice. Comparative Political Studies, 35, 631–656.CrossRef Noël, A., & Thérien, J. P. (2002). Public opinion and global justice. Comparative Political Studies, 35, 631–656.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Noël, A., & Thérien, J. P. (1995). From domestic to international justice: The welfare state and foreign aid. International Organization, 49, 523–553.CrossRef Noël, A., & Thérien, J. P. (1995). From domestic to international justice: The welfare state and foreign aid. International Organization, 49, 523–553.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat O’Loughlin, J., Ward, M. D., Lofdahl, C. L., Cohen, J. S., Brown, D. S., Reilly, D., Gleditsch, K. S., & Shin, M. (1998). The diffusion of democracy, 1946–1994. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 545–574.CrossRef O’Loughlin, J., Ward, M. D., Lofdahl, C. L., Cohen, J. S., Brown, D. S., Reilly, D., Gleditsch, K. S., & Shin, M. (1998). The diffusion of democracy, 1946–1994. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 545–574.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (various years). Development Cooperation Report: Efforts and Policies of Members of the Development Assistance Committee. Paris: OECD. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (various years). Development Cooperation Report: Efforts and Policies of Members of the Development Assistance Committee. Paris: OECD.
Zurück zum Zitat Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2004). ‘Source OECD,’ Social Expenditure Database. Accessed at: www.sourceoecd.org. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2004). ‘Source OECD,’ Social Expenditure Database. Accessed at: www.sourceoecd.org.
Zurück zum Zitat Pierson, P. (1996). The new politics of the welfare state. World Politics, 48, 143–179.CrossRef Pierson, P. (1996). The new politics of the welfare state. World Politics, 48, 143–179.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Plümper, T., Troeger, V. E., & Manow, P. (2005). Panel data analysis in comparative politics: Linking methods and theory. European Journal of Political Research, 44, 327–352.CrossRef Plümper, T., Troeger, V. E., & Manow, P. (2005). Panel data analysis in comparative politics: Linking methods and theory. European Journal of Political Research, 44, 327–352.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Posen, B. R. (2001). The struggle again terrorism: Grand strategy, Strategy, and Tactics’, International Security, 26, 39–55. Posen, B. R. (2001). The struggle again terrorism: Grand strategy, Strategy, and Tactics’, International Security, 26, 39–55.
Zurück zum Zitat Pratt, C. (Ed.) (1989). Internationalism under strain: The north-south policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Pratt, C. (Ed.) (1989). Internationalism under strain: The north-south policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Rappaport, J. (2000). How does openness to growth promote growth? Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Rappaport, J. (2000). How does openness to growth promote growth? Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Zurück zum Zitat Remmer, K. L. (2004). Does foreign aid promote the expansion of government? American Journal of Political Science, 48, 77–92. Remmer, K. L. (2004). Does foreign aid promote the expansion of government? American Journal of Political Science, 48, 77–92.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrik, D. (1998). Why do more open economies have bigger governments? The Journal of Political Economy, 106, 997–1032.CrossRef Rodrik, D. (1998). Why do more open economies have bigger governments? The Journal of Political Economy, 106, 997–1032.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roemer, P. M. (1993). Idea gap and object gap in economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 531–555. Roemer, P. M. (1993). Idea gap and object gap in economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 531–555.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruttan, V. (1996). United States development assistance policy: The domestic politics of foreign economic aid. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ruttan, V. (1996). United States development assistance policy: The domestic politics of foreign economic aid. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. New York: WW Norton. Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. New York: WW Norton.
Zurück zum Zitat Stokke, O. (Ed.) (1989). Western middle powers and global poverty: The determinants of aid policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Stokke, O. (Ed.) (1989). Western middle powers and global poverty: The determinants of aid policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Thérien, J. P., & Noël, A. (2000). Political parties and foreign aid. American Political Science Review, 94, 151–162.CrossRef Thérien, J. P., & Noël, A. (2000). Political parties and foreign aid. American Political Science Review, 94, 151–162.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Thorbecke, E. (2000). The evolution of the development doctrine and the role of foreign aid, 1950–2000. In F. Tarp (Ed.), Foreign aid and development: Lessons learnt and directions for the future (pp. 17–47). London: Routledge. Thorbecke, E. (2000). The evolution of the development doctrine and the role of foreign aid, 1950–2000. In F. Tarp (Ed.), Foreign aid and development: Lessons learnt and directions for the future (pp. 17–47). London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Togeby, L. (1994). The gender gap in foreign policy attitudes. Journal of Peace Research, 31, 375–392.CrossRef Togeby, L. (1994). The gender gap in foreign policy attitudes. Journal of Peace Research, 31, 375–392.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat UNCTAD. (2004). Handbook of statistics online. Accessed at: http://www.unctad.org. UNCTAD. (2004). Handbook of statistics online. Accessed at: http://​www.​unctad.​org.​
Zurück zum Zitat Union of International Associations. (various years). Yearbook of international organizations. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag. Union of International Associations. (various years). Yearbook of international organizations. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag.
Zurück zum Zitat United States House of Representatives Ways, Means Committee. (1999). African Growth and Opportunity Act: Report to Accompany H.R. 434. Washington, DC: GPO. June 17. United States House of Representatives Ways, Means Committee. (1999). African Growth and Opportunity Act: Report to Accompany H.R. 434. Washington, DC: GPO. June 17.
Zurück zum Zitat United States Senate. (1990). Hearing before the committee on foreign relations: Enterprise for the Americas Initiative, S. 3064. Washington, DC: GPO. September 27. United States Senate. (1990). Hearing before the committee on foreign relations: Enterprise for the Americas Initiative, S. 3064. Washington, DC: GPO. September 27.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Kersbergen, K. (1995). Social capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state. London: Routledge. Van Kersbergen, K. (1995). Social capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Wildavsky, A. (1992). The new politics of the budgetary process. New York: Harper Collins. Wildavsky, A. (1992). The new politics of the budgetary process. New York: Harper Collins.
Zurück zum Zitat Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus’. World Development, 21, 1329–1336.CrossRef Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus’. World Development, 21, 1329–1336.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge: MIT Press. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Zurück zum Zitat World Bank. (2003). World development indicators online. Accessed at: http://devdata.worldbank.org/dataonline. World Bank. (2003). World development indicators online. Accessed at: http://​devdata.​worldbank.​org/​dataonline.​
Metadaten
Titel
Trade versus aid: donor generosity in an era of globalization
verfasst von
Erik Lundsgaarde
Christian Breunig
Aseem Prakash
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2007
Erschienen in
Policy Sciences / Ausgabe 2/2007
Print ISSN: 0032-2687
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0891
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-007-9040-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2007

Policy Sciences 2/2007 Zur Ausgabe