Abstract
Rice husk ash (RHA) is the major by-product left after the burning of rice husk, which is profusely present throughout the process of the rice milling. The burnt rice husk, as RHA, in turn causes more environmental pollution and its disposal becomes a difficult problem, hence requiring serious attention from the scientific community regarding its disposal and proper reuse if possible. The major economic reason for recycling the ash is the value added products which can be generated from it. The focus is on the use of RHA as adsorbent and subsequent silica production owing to the fact that the ash is mainly composed of carbon and silica. As regards other potential applications of ash, research is still going on and some of the products, which are under development phase, have also been brought to limelight in this review. This literature review provides an effective scheme to utilize RHA and discussed process pathway for economically valuable products to provide a solution to the problem associated with its proper disposal through superior recycle of this agriculture waste.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abo-El-Enein SA, Eissa MA, Diafullah AA, Rizk MA, Mohamed FM (2009) Removal of some heavy metals ions from wastewater by copolymer of iron and aluminum impregnated with active silica derived from rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 172:574–579. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.036
Adam F, Ahmed AE (2008) The benzylation of xylenes using heterogeneous catalysts from rice husk ash silica modified with gallium, indium and iron. Chem Eng J 145:328–334. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.028
Adam F, Fua HK (2008) Production of silica from biogenic material. Malaysian Patent MY-136715-A
Adam F, Iqbal A (2011) Silica supported amorphous molybdenum catalysts prepared via sol–gel method and its catalytic activity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 141(1–3):119–127. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.10.037
Adam F, Appaturi JN, Iqbal A (2012) The utilization of rice husk silica as a catalyst: review and recent progress. Catal Today 190(1):2–14. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.056
Adam F, Appaturi JN, Khanam Z, Thankappan R, Nawi MAM (2013) Utilization of tin and titanium incorporated rice husk silica nanocomposite as photocatalyst and adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue in aqueous medium. Appl Surf Sci 264:718–726. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.106
Aghav RM, Kumar S, Mukherjee SN (2011) Artificial neural network modeling in competitive adsorption of phenol and resorcinol from water environment using some carbonaceous adsorbents. J Hazard Mater 188(1–3):67–77. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.067
Ahmaruzzaman M (2010) A review on the utilization of fly ash, progress in energy and combustion science. Prog Energ Combust 36:327–363. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003
Akhtar M, Bhanger MI, Iqbal S, Hasany SM (2006) Sorption potential of rice husk for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution: kinetic and thermodynamic investigations. J Hazard Mater 128:44–52. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.025
Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk. Colloids Surf B 75(1):149–155. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.025
Alshatwi AA, Athinarayanan J, Periasamy VS (2015) Biocompatibility assessment of rice husk-derived biogenic silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C 47:8–16. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.005
An D, Guo Y, Zhu Y, Wang Z (2010) A green route to preparation of silica powders with rice husk ash and waste gas. Chem Eng J 162:509–514. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.052
An D, Guo Y, Zou B, Zhu Y, Wang Z (2011) A study on the consecutive preparation of silica powders and active carbon from rice husk ash. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1227–1234. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.014
Armestoa L, Bahilloa A, Veijonenb K, Cabanillasa A, Oteroa J (2002) Combustion behaviour of rice husk in a bubbling fluidized bed. Biomass Bioenergy 23(3):171–179. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00046-6
Ayswarya EP, Vidya Francis KF, Renju VS, Thachil ET (2012) Rice husk ash—a valuable reinforcement for high density polyethylene. Mater Des 41:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.035
Beagle EC (2006) Rice husk conversion to energy. FAO, Rome
Bhagiyalakshmi M, Yun LJ, Anuradha R, Jang HT (2009) Utilization of rice husk ash as silica source for the synthesis of mesoporous silicas and their application to CO2 adsorption through TREN/TEPA grafting. J Hazard Mater 175:928–938. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.097
Bhattacharya AK, Mandal SN, Das SK (2006) Adsorption of Zn(II) from aqueous solution by using different adsorbents. Chem Eng J 123:43–51. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2006.06.012
Bronzeoak Ltd. (2003) Rice husk ash market study. http://www.webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15138.pdf. Accessed Jan 2015
Chakraborty S, Chowdhury S, Saha PD (2011) Adsorption of crystal violet from aqueous solution onto NaOH-modified rice husk. Carbohydr Polym 86:1533–1541. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.058
Chang FW, Tsay MT, Liang SP (2001) Hydrogenation of CO2 over nickel catalysts supported on rice husk ash prepared by ion exchange. Appl Catal A Gen 209:217–227. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00772-9
Chang FW, Yang HC, Roselin LS, Huo WY (2006) Ethanol dehydrogenation over copper catalysts on rice husk ash prepared by ion exchange. Appl Catal A Gen 304:30–39. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2006.02.017
Chatterjee S, Kumar A, Basu S, Dutta S (2012) Application of response surface methodology for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent. Chem Eng J 181–182:289–299. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.081
Chaudhary DS, Jollands MC (2004) Characterization studies of rice hull ash. J Appl Polym Sci 93(1):1–8. doi:10.1002/app.20217
Chaudhary DS, Jollands MC, Cser F (2002) Understanding rice hull ash as fillers in polymers: a review. Silicon Chem 1:281–289. doi:10.1023/B:SILC.0000018361.66866.80
Chen WS, Chang FS, Roselin LS, Ou TC, Lai SC (2010) Partial oxidation of methanol over copper catalysts supported on rice husk ash. J Mol Catal A Chem 318(1–2):36–43. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2009.11.005
Chen Y, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang L, Ding L, Gao X, Ma Y, Guo Y (2011) Application studies of activated carbon derived from rice husks produced by chemical-thermal process—a review. Adv Colloid Interfac 163:39–52. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2011.01.006
Chingombe P, Saha B, Wakeman RJ (2005) Surface modification and characterization of a coal-based activated carbon. Carbon 43:3132–3143. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.06.021
Confidential Report (1998) Rice husk ash market assessment, Bangkok, Thailand
Daifullah AAM, Girgis BS, Gad HMH (2003) Utilization of agro-residues (rice husk) in small waste water treatment plans. Mater Lett 57(11):1723–1731. doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(02)01058-3
Daifullah A, Girgis B, Gad H (2004) A study of the factors affecting the removal of humic acid by activated carbon prepared from biomass material. Colloids Surf A 235:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.12.020
Dasgupta J, Kumar A, Mandal DD, Mandal T, Datta S (2015) Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions using adsorbents derived from low-cost agro-residues. Desalin Water Treat (accepted). doi:10.1080/19443994.2015.1061455
Daud NK, Hameed BH (2010) Decolorization of Acid Red 1 by Fenton-like process using rice husk ash-based catalyst. J Hazard Mater 176:938–944. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.130
de Yuso AM, Rubio B, Izquierdo MT (2014) Influence of activation atmosphere used in the chemical activation of almond shell on the characteristics and adsorption performance of activated carbons. Fuel Process Technol 119:74–80. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.024
Della VP, Kühn I, Hotza D (2002) Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production. Mater Lett 57:818–821. doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00879-0
Doke KM, Khan EM (2013) Adsorption thermodynamics to clean up wastewater; critical review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 12:25–44. doi:10.1007/s11157-012-9273-z
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2009a) A short review of activated carbon assisted electrosorption process: an overview, current stage and future prospects. J Hazard Mater 170:552–559. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.057
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2009b) Recent developments in the preparation and regeneration of activated carbons by microwaves. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 149:19–27. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2008.12.005
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2009c) Utilization of biodiesel waste as a renewable resource for activated mcarbon: application to environmental problems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13(9):2495–2504. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.009
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2009d) Utilization of rice husk ash as novel adsorbent: a judicious recycling of the colloidal agricultural waste. Adv Colloid Interfac Sci 152:39–47. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2009.09.005
Gan PP, Li SFY (2013) Efficient removal of Rhodamine B using rice hull-based silica supported iron catalyst by Fenton-like process. Chem Eng J 229:351–363. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.020
Ganvir V, Das K (2011) Removal of fluoride from drinking water using aluminium hydroxide coated rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 185(2–3):1287–1294. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.044
Gastaldini ALG, Isaia GC, Saciloto AP, Missau F, Hoppe TF (2010) Influence of curing time on the chloride penetration resistance of concrete containing rice husk ash: a technical and economical feasibility study. Cem Concr Compos 32:783–793. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.08.001
Gupta VK, Ali I, Jain CK, Sharma M, Saini VK (2003) Removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewater using bagasse fly ash—a sugar industry waste. Water Res 37:4038–4044. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00292-6
Hwang C, Huynh T (2015) Investigation into the use of unground rice husk ash to produce eco-friendly construction bricks. Constr Build Mater 93:335–341. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.061
Imyim A, Prapalimrungsi E (2010) Humic acids removal from water by α-aminopropyl functionalized rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 184:775–781. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.140
Jain R, Mathur M, Sikarwar S, Mittal A (2007) Removal of the hazardous dye rhodamine B through photocatalytic and adsorption treatments. J Environ Manag 85:956–964. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.002
Jayaranjan MLD, van Hullebusch ED, Annachhatre AP (2014) Reuse options for coal fired power plant bottom ash and fly ash. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 13:467–486. doi:10.1007/s11157-014-9336-4
Jullaphan O, Witoon T, Chareonpanich M (2009) Synthesis of mixed-phase uniformly infiltrated SBA-3-like in SBA-15 bimodal mesoporous silica from rice husk ash. Mater Lett 63:1303–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.03.001
Kalapathy U, Proctor A, Shultz J (2000) A simple method for production of pure silica from rice hull ash. Bioresour Technol 73:257–262. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00127-3
Kim Y, Bae J, Park J, Suh J, Lee S, Park H, Choi H (2014) Removal of 12 selected pharmaceuticals by granular mesoporous silica SBA-15 in aqueous phase. Chem Eng J 256:475–485. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.100
Kizito S, Wu S, KipkemoiKirui S, Lei M, Lu Q, Bah H, Dong R (2015) Evaluation of slow pyrolyzed wood and rice husks biochar for adsorption of ammonium nitrogen from piggery manure anaerobic digestate slurry. Sci Total Environ 505:102–112. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.096
Kumar A, Gupta D (2015) Behavior of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced pond ash, rice husk ash–soil mixtures. Geotext Geomembr. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.07.010
Kumar P, Prasad B, Chand S (2009) Treatment of desizing wastewater by catalytic thermal treatment and coagulation. J Hazard Mater 163:433–440. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.114
Kumar A, Singha S, Dasgupta D, Datta S, Mandal T (2015) Simultaneous recovery of silica and treatment of rice mill wastewater using rice husk ash: an economic approach. Ecol Eng 84(2015):29–37. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.07.010
Lakshmi UR, Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Lataye DH (2009) Rice husk ash as an effective adsorbent: evaluation of adsorptive characteristics for Indigo Carmine dye. J Environ Manag 90:710–720. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.01.002
Lambert CK, Gonzalez RD (2001) The effect of pH and metal loading on the properties of sol–gel Rh/SiO. J Solid Chem 158:154–161. doi:10.1006/jssc.2001.9086
Lataye DH, Mishra IM, Mall ID (2008) Pyridine sorption from aqueous solution by rice husk ash (RHA) and granular activated carbon (GAC): parametric, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic aspects. J Hazard Mater 154:858–870. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.111
Lataye DH, Mishra IM, Mall ID (2009) Adsorption of α-picoline onto rice husk ash and granular activated carbon from aqueous solution: equilibrium and thermodynamic study. Chem Eng J 147:139–149. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.06.027
Le HT, Siewert K, Ludwig H (2015) Alkali silica reaction in mortar formulated from self-compacting high performance concrete containing rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater 88:10–19. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.005
Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhu Y, An D, Gao W, Wang Z, Ma Y, Wang Z (2011) A sustainable route for the preparation of activated carbon and silica from rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 186:1314–1319. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.007
Liu Y, Guo Y, Gao W, Wang Z, Ma Y, Wang Z (2012) Simultaneous preparation of silica and activated carbon from rice husk ash. J Clean Prod 32:204–209
Londeree DJ (2002) Silica–titania composites for water treatment. M.Eng. Thesis, University of Florida
Loo YC, Nimityongskul P, Karasudhi P (1984) Economical rice husk-ash concrete. Build Res Pract 12(4):233–238
Martin JI (1938) MS thesis, Louisiana State University, USA
Mehta PK (1989) Rice husk ash as a mineral admixture in concrete. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international seminar on durability of concrete: aspects of admixtures and industrial by-products, vol 13. Gothenburg, Sweden, pp 1–6
Mitchell LD, Beaudoin JJ, Grattan-Bellew P (2004) The effects of lithium hydroxide solution on alkali silica reaction gels created with opal. Cem Concr Res 34:641–649. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.10.011
Mutuk T, Mesci B (2014) Analysis of mechanical properties of cement containing boron waste and rice husk ash using full factorial design. J Clean Prod 69:128–132. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.051
Naiya TK, Bhattacharya AK, Mandal S, Das SK (2009) The sorption of lead(II) ions on rice husk ash. J Hazard Mater 163(2–3):1254–1264. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.119
Nakbanpote W, Goodman BA, Thiravetyan P (2007) Copper adsorption on rice husk derived materials studied by EPR and FTIR. Colloids Surf A 304(1–3):7–13. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.013
Namiki M, Ma JF, Iwashita T (2005) Identification of the silicon form in xylem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Physiol 46(2):279–283
Nandi BK, Goswami A, Purkait MK (2009) Adsorption characteristics of brilliant green dye on kaolin. J Hazard Mater 161:387–395. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.110
Patel M (2012) Potential of fruit and vegetable wastes as novel biosorbents: summarizing the recent studies. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 11:365–380. doi:10.1007/s11157-012-9297-4
Patel M, Karera A, Prasanna P (1987) Effect of thermal and chemical treatments on carbon and silica contents in rice husk. J Mater Sci 22:2457–2464. doi:10.1007/BF01082130
Pijarn N, Jaroenworaluck A, Sunsaneeyametha W, Stevens R (2010) Synthesis and characterization of nanosized-silica gels formed under controlled conditions. Powder Technol 203:462–468. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2010.06.007
Pilate P, Lardot V, Cambier F, Brochen E (2015) Contribution to the understanding of the high temperature behavior and of the compressive creep behavior of silica refractory materials. J Eur Ceram Soc 35:813–822. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.019
Ramli M (1993) Durability of ferro-cement floating structures containing rice husk ash. In: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on structural failure, durability and retrofitting, Singapore, pp 289–294
Rao GR, Sastry ARK, Rohatgi PK (1989) Nature and reactivity of silica available in rice husk and its ashes. Bull Mater Sci 12:469–479. doi:10.1007/BF02744917
Rice Husk Ash (2011) http://www.Ricehuskash.com/details.htm. Retrieved on 13 Jan 2015
Rice Market Monitor (2010) Rice market monitor, trade and markets division, food and agriculture organization of the United Nations 13:1–37
Rocha CG, Zaia DAM, Alfaya RVS, Alfaya AAS (2009) Use of rice straw as biosorbent for removal of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions in industrial effluents. J Hazard Mater 166:383–388. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.074
Rosa SML, Rehman N, de Miranda MIG, Nachtigall SMB, Bica CID (2012) Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation. Carbohydr Polym 87:1131–1138. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.084
Roskill (2009) International metals and mineral information services. July 2009. http://www.roskill.com/reports/activated. Retrieved on 12 Jan 2015
Saha JC, Dikshit K, Bandyopadhyay M (2001) Comparative studies for selection of technologies for arsenic removal from drinking water. BUET-UNU International Workshop on Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water, Bangladesh. http://www.sdnbd.org/sdi/issues/arsenic/BUET-UNU-arsenic-workshop.htm. Retrieved on 12 Jan 2015
Sharma YC, Uma (2010) Optimization of parameters for adsorption of methylene blue on a low cost activated carbon. J Chem Eng Data 55:435–439. doi:10.1021/je900408s
Sharma NK, Williams WS, Zangvil A (1984) Formation and structure of silicon carbide whiskers from rice hulls. J Am Ceram Soc 67(11):715–720. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1984.tb19507.x
Sharma P, Kaur R, Baskar C, Chung WJ (2010) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous waste using rice husk and rice husk ash. Desalination 259:249–257. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.044
Shen Y, Zhao P, Shao Q, Takahashi F, Yoshikawa K (2014) In situ catalytic conversion of tar using rice husk char/ash supported nickel–iron catalysts for biomass pyrolytic gasification combined with the mixing-simulation in fluidized-bed gasifier. Appl Energy. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.074
Shi W, Wang S, Yang Q (2010) Climate change and global warming. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 9:99–102. doi:10.1007/s11157-010-9206-7
Siriwandena S, Ismail H, Ishakiaku US (2001) A comparison of white rice husk ash and silica as fillers in ethylene–propylene–dieneter polymer vulcanizates. Poly Int 50(6):707–713. doi:10.1002/pi.691
Soltani N, Bahrami A, Pech-Canul MI, González LA (2015) Review on the physicochemical treatments of rice husk for production of advanced materials. Chem Eng J 264:899–935. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.056
Song Y, Ding S, Chen S, Xu H, Mei Y, Ren J (2015) Removal of malachite green in aqueous solution by adsorption on sawdust. Korean J Chem Eng. doi:10.1007/s11814-015-0103-1
Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Mishra IM (2006) Characterization of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA. J Hazard Mater 134(1–3):257–267. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.052
Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Mishra IM (2007) Adsorption thermodynamics and isosteric heat of adsorption of toxic metal ions onto bagasse fly ash (BFA) and rice husk ash (RHA). Chem Eng J 132(1–3):267–278. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2007.01.007
Tavlieva MP, Genieva SD, Georgieva VG, Vlaev LT (2013) Kinetic study of brilliant green adsorption from aqueous solution onto white rice husk ash. J Colloid Interface Sci 409:112–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.052
Tiwari DP, Singh DK, Saksena DN (1995) Hg(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions using rice-husk ash. J Environ Eng 121:479–481. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:6(479)
Totlani K, Mehta R, Mandavgane SA (2012) Comparative study of adsorption of Ni(II) on RHA and carbon embedded silica obtained from RHA. Chem Eng J 181–182:376–386. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.099
UNDP (2000) United Nations Development Programme: World energy assessment. United States, New York
Van V, Rößler C, Bui D, Ludwig H (2014) Rice husk ash as both pozzolanic admixture and internal curing agent in ultra-high performance concrete. Cem Concr Compos 53:270–278. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.015
Watari T, Nakata A, Kiba Y, Torikai T, Yada M (2006) Fabrication of porous SiO2/C composite from rice husks. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:797–801. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.06.013
Watkinson H (2002) Personal communication. CORUS, Teeside Technology Centre
Yeletsky PM, Yakovlev VA, Melgunov MS, Parmon VN (2009) Synthesis of mesoporous carbons by leaching out natural silica templates of rice husk. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 121(1–3):34–40. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.12.025
Zain MFM, Islam MN, Mahmud F, Jamil M (2011) Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material. Constr Build Mater 25:798–805. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003
Zhang H, Ding X, Chen X, Ma Y, Wang Z, Zhao X (2015) A new method of utilizing rice husk: consecutively preparing d-xylose, organosolv lignin, ethanol and amorphous superfine silica. J Hazard Mater 291:65–73. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.003
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Professor T. Kumar, Director of NIT Durgapur for providing us access to the necessary facilities which are required for proper completion of this research work. Authors would also like to thank Miss Monica Meena and Mr. Shubhrojyoti Laha, Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur for all kind of cooperation and immense support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, A., Sengupta, B., Dasgupta, D. et al. Recovery of value added products from rice husk ash to explore an economic way for recycle and reuse of agricultural waste. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 15, 47–65 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-015-9388-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-015-9388-0