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Measuring and monitoring in the South African Kha Ri Gude mass literacy campaign

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Abstract

After many previous failed attempts to reach illiterate adults, the award-winning South African Kha Ri Gude mass literacy campaign, launched in 2008, undertook to ensure that learners seized the opportunity to learn – for many adults, this was a “last chance”. Written from an insider perspective by the campaign’s founding Chief Executive Officer, this article outlines the features which contributed to its success despite the many challenges it initially faced. The author outlines the social and legislative backdrop, notably the South African National Qualifications Framework (NQF) providing the scaffold for the continuum of adult learning and the assessment of learning outcomes, and examines the various components which influenced the design of the campaign. She focuses, in particular, on the learning outcomes measurement model tailored to the campaign’s specific context, namely a structured and standardised learner assessment portfolio (LAP). Designed as a tool to be administered universally for both formative and diagnostic purposes, the portfolio enables continuous assessment, forming an integral part of the process of learning and teaching. After many initial challenges encountered in introducing this mode of learner assessment, it was eventually institutionalised and found to be a non-threatening way of assessing learning outcomes while also functioning as a tool for monitoring and ensuring accountability in the campaign. This article gives an account of the development considerations and explains the role of the assessment process within the broader context of the campaign. It also refers to ways in which the mass-based assessments were administered under difficult campaign conditions with a view to assessing for learning.

Résumé

Mesure et suivi de la campagne d’alphabétisation de masse Kha Ri Gude en Afrique du Sud – Après de nombreuses tentatives manquées de desservir les adultes illettrés, la campagne d’alphabétisation de masse sud-africaine Kha Ri Gude, lancée en 2008 et récompensée par un prix, s’est assurée que les citoyens saisissent l’opportunité d’apprendre – elle était une « dernière chance » pour un grand nombre d’adultes. Rédigé dans une perspective interne par la directrice générale fondatrice de la campagne, l’article présente les caractéristiques qui ont contribué à son succès malgré les nombreux défis rencontrés au début. L’auteure expose le contexte social et législatif, notamment le cadre national sud-africain de qualification (CNQ), qui fournit une charpente pour le processus continu d’apprentissage des adultes et pour l’évaluation des acquis, et spécifie les diverses composantes qui ont influencé la conception de la campagne. Elle s’attarde en particulier sur le modèle de mesure des acquis ajusté au contexte spécifique de cette campagne, à savoir un portefeuille structuré et standardisé d’évaluation de l’apprenant. Conçu comme instrument de gestion universelle à des fins, tant de formation que d’évaluation, ce portefeuille permet une évaluation permanente et fait partie intégrante du processus d’apprentissage et d’enseignement. Malgré de nombreuses difficultés initiales pour l’introduire, ce type d’évaluation de l’apprenant a été finalement institutionnalisé et s’est avéré être un moyen d’évaluer les acquis sans pression, tout en servant d’instrument de suivi et de responsabilisation durant la campagne. L’auteure rend compte des considérations lors de la conception et explique le rôle du processus d’évaluation dans le contexte général de la campagne. Elle mentionne également comment les évaluations de masse ont été gérées dans des conditions difficiles de campagne avec l’objectif d’évaluer en faveur de l’apprentissage.

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Notes

  1. The South African national system of Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) was established shortly after the first South African Democratic elections in 1994, with the introduction of the “National adult basic education and training framework: Interim guidelines” in September 1995. Subsequently, the Adult Basic Education and Training Act was promulgated in 2000.

  2. Kha Ri Gude (pronounced [car-ri-goody]) is Tshivenda for “Let us learn”. The decision to use Tshivenda terminology reflects the purpose of accentuating the minority status of the language.

  3. The South African National Literacy Initiative (SANLI) was launched in 2000.

  4. The Kha Ri Gude campaign has won a number of national awards, including the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) award in 2010, which gave recognition for the excellence of the campaign materials in all 11 official languages. Other awards include the Government Communication and Information System’s Umbungsweti Award (in 2009) for the campaign’s developmental communication and advocacy strategy reaching adults in the most remote and impoverished sites and its efforts to include deaf and blind learners; and the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) award (in 2012) for its effective delivery to the poor and also for job creation through its volunteers (who received stipendiary compensation). The campaign was formally evaluated by UNICEF in 2009 (Osman 2009), and its assessment strategy and learner assessments are verified by the South African Qualifications Authority each year.

  5. This resonated with the Department of Education’s White Paper 6: Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education System (DoE 2001).

  6. The development and implementation of the National Qualifications Framework was prompted by the passing of the South African Qualifications Authority Act (DoE 1995).

  7. “A Unit Standard is the smallest unit that can be credited to a learner. Unit Standards can stand alone, but are generally part of a qualification” (SAQA 2001, p. 40).

  8. As per the National Qualifications Framework Act, implemented in 2009 (DoE 2009), the NQF has ten levels, organised into three bands: (1) General Education and Training (GET), which includes Compulsory formal schooling up to Grade 9 and Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET); (2) Further Education and Training (FET), which includes Grades 10–12 as well as vocational training; and (3) Higher Education and Training (HET).

  9. The General Education and Training (GET) system encompasses primary (Grades 1–3), and lower secondary school (Grades 7–9).

  10. The 11 official languages are: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Sepedi, seSotho, siSwazi, xiTsonga, seTswana, Tshivenda, isiXhosa and isiZulu.

  11. Reflect uses participatory and visualisation approaches as the basis for learning with the intention of determining learners’ learning needs. Visual approaches are of particular importance (calendars, diagrams, maps, etc.…) and can provide a structure for the process. However, many other participatory methods and processes are also used, including theatre, role-play, song, dance, video or photography” (Reflect 2009).

  12. ABET occupies the first level on the NQF. This level 1 comprises 4 sublevels which are equivalent to grades 3, 5, 7 and 9 of the formal schooling system.

  13. The campaign also developed a rapid tool to determine base-line measures for placing learners, since the level of schooling achieved was an unreliable indicator for placement.

  14. External monitoring is also carried out by the Department of Basic Education’s internal audit department, the Auditor-General, National Treasury, SAQA and the Expanded Public Works Programme (who co-fund the campaign).

  15. The National Learners’ Records Database (NLRD) is “an integrated information system to facilitate the management of the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) – the first such system in the world” (Shapiro 2008, p. 1).

  16. These indicators are based on the 2011 campaign cohort.

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McKay, V. Measuring and monitoring in the South African Kha Ri Gude mass literacy campaign. Int Rev Educ 61, 365–397 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9495-8

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