Abstract
This work was carried out in search of a suitable fuel alternative to fast-depleting fossil fuel and oil reserves and in serious consideration of the environmental problems associated with the major use of fuels based on petrochemicals; research work is in progress worldwide. Researchers have been re-directing their interests to biomass-dependent fuels, which currently seem to be the only logical substitute for green development in the context of economical and environmental aspects. Renewable bioresources are available worldwide in the form of residual agricultural biomass and wastes, which can be converted into liquid biofuels. However, the process of converting, or chemical conversions, can be very expensive and not worthwhile to use for an economical large-scale commercial supply of biofuels. Hence, there is still need for souch research to be done on an effective, economical, and efficient conversion process. The objective of this review is to provide a deep overview of liquid biofuels and the present knowledge produced by scientists throughout the world.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
28 October 2017
The authors have retracted this article [1] because it contains significant overlap with an article previously published by Nigam and Singh [2]. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused. All authors agree to this retraction.
References
A.K. Agrawal, Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33, 233–271 (2007)
J.C. Escobar, E.S. Lora, O.J. Venturini, E.E. Yanez, E.F. Castillo, O. Almazan, Biofuels: environment, technology and food security. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13, 1275–1287 (2009)
R. Zhao, S.R. Bean, D. Wang, S.H. Park, T.J. Schober, J.D. Wilson, Small-scale mashing procedure for predicting ethanol yield of sorghum grain. J. Cereal Sci. 49(2), 230–2388 (2009)
A. Singh, D. Pant, N.E. Korres, A.S. Nizami, S. Prasad, J.D. Murphy, Key issues in life cycle assessment of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and perspectives. Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 5003–5012 (2010)
S. Prasad, A. Singh, N. Jain, H.C. Joshi, Ethanol production from sweet sorghum syrup for utilization as automotive fuel in India. Energy Fuel. 21(4), 2415–2420 (2007)
R.E. Gullison, P.C. Frumhoff, J.G. Canadell, C.B. Field, D.C. Nepstad, K. Hayhoe et al., Tropical forests and climate policy. Science 316, 985–1006 (2007)
Y. He, S. Wang, K.K. Lai, Global economic activity and crude oil prices: a cointegration analysis. Energy Econ. (2010). doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2009.12.005
A. Singh, B.M. Smyth, J.D. Murphy, A biofuel strategy for Ireland with an emphasis on production of biomethane and minimization of land-take. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14(1), 277–288 (2010)
S. Prasad, A. Singh, H.C. Joshi, Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 50, 1–39 (2007)
J.S. Dennis, S.A. Scott, A.L. Stephenson, Improving the sustainability of the production of biodiesel from oilseed rape in the UK. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 86, 427–440 (2008)
H.N. Bhatti, M.A. Hanif, M. Qasim, Ata-ur-Rehman, Biodiesel production from waste tallow. Fuel 87, 2961–2966 (2008)
A. Demirbas, Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energy Convers. Manag. 49, 125–130 (2008)
B. Delfort, I. Durand, G. Hillion, A. Jaecker-Voirol, X. Montagne, Glycerin for new biodiesel formulation. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. e Rev. IFP 63(4), 395–404 (2008)
K. Aleklett, C.J. Campbell, The peak and decline of world oil and gas production. Miner. Energy 18, 35–42 (2003)
L. Fulton, T. Howes, J. Hardy, Biofuels for transport: an international perspective (International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, 2004)
W.J. Armbruster, W.T. Coyle, Pacific food system outlook 2006–2007: the future role of biofuels (Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Singapore, 2006). http://www.pecc.org/food/pfso-singapore2006/PECC-Annual-06-07.pdf
J. Pickett, D. Anderson, D. Bowles, T. Bridgwater, P. Jarvis, N. Mortimer, M. Poliakoff, J. Woods, Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges (The Royal Society, London, 2008). http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?id=7366
D. Murray, Ethanol’s potential: looking beyond corn (Earth Policy Institute, Washington DC, 2005). http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/2005/Update49.htm
F.O. Licht, World ethanol & biofuels report (Agra Informa Ltd., Kent). http://www.agra-net.com/portal/puboptions.jsp?Option¼menu&pubId¼ag072
T. Wiesenthal, G. Leduc, P. Christidis, B. Schade, L. Pelkmans, L. Govaerts et al., Biofuel support policies in Europe: lessons learnt for the long way ahead. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13, 789–800 (2009)
EU, Directive 2009/28/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union 52, 16–62 (2009)
L. Pelkmans, E. Portouli, A. Papageorgiou, P. Georgopoulos. Impact assessment of measures towards the introduction of biofuels in the European Union. Report of Work Package 4 of the PREMIA project (2006)
NEXANT, Liquid biofuels: substituting for petroleum (Nexant, Inc., San Francisco, 2007). http://www.chemsystems.com/reports/search/docs/prospectus/MC_Biofuels_Pros.pdf
E.D. Larson, Biofuel production technologies: status, prospects and implications for trade and development. Report No. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/10. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, New York and Geneva, 2008
FAO, The state of food and agriculture. BIOFUELS: prospects, risks and opportunities (FAO, Rome, 2008)
S.K. Hoekman, Biofuels in the U.S.—challenges and opportunities. Renew. Energy 34, 14–22 (2009)
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), Production estimates and crop assessment division of foreign agricultural service. EU: Biodiesel industry expanding use of oilseeds (2003). http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20030920-gen330.pdf
A. Demirbas, Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Conserv. Manag. 50, 14–34 (2009)
D. Bajpai, V.K. Tyagi, Biodiesel: source, production, composition, properties and its benefits. J. Olio Sci. 55, 487–502 (2006)
H.R. Giselrød, V. Patil, K. Tran, Towards sustainable production of biofuels from microalgae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, 1188–1195 (2008)
G. Love, S. Gough, D. Brady, N. Barron, P. Nigam, D. Singh et al., Continuous ethanol fermentation at 45 °C using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in calcium alginate and kissiris. Bioprocess Eng. 18, 187–189 (1998)
P. Nigam, I.M. Banat, D. Singh, A.P. McHale, A.P. Marchant, Continuous ethanol production by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus immobilized on mineral kissiris at 45 °C. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13, 283–288 (1997)
D. Brady, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, A.P. McHale, Ethanol production at 45 °C by immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose-containing media. Bioprocess Eng. 16, 101–104 (1997)
D. Brady, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, D. Singh, A.P. McHale, The effect of Mn2þ on ethanol production from actose using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in magnetically responsive matrices. Bioprocess Eng. 17, 31–34 (1997)
D. Brady, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, L. McHale, A.P. McHale, Ethanol production at 45 °C by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in magnetically responsive alginate matrices. Biotechnol. Lett. 18(10), 1213–1216 (1996)
C. Riordon, G. Love, N. Barron, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, L. McHale et al., Production of ethanol from sucrose at 45 °C by alginate immobilized preparations of the thermotolerant yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB 3. Bioresour. Technol. 55, 17–173 (1996)
G. Love, P. Nigam, N. Barron, D. Singh, R. Marchant, A.P. McHale, Ethanol production at 45 °C using preparations of Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB 3 immobilized in calcium alginate and kissiris. Bioprocess Eng. 15, 275–277 (1996)
I.M. Banat, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, Isolation of a thermotolerant, fermentative yeasts growing at 52 °C and producing ethanol at 45 °C & 50 °C. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8, 259–263 (1992)
W.R. Gibbons, C.A. Westby, Cofermentation of sweet sorghum juice and grain for production of fuel ethanol and distillers’ wet grain. Biomass 18(1), 43–57 (1989)
K. Suresh, N. Kiran Sree, L.V. Rao, Utilization of damaged sorghum and rice grains for ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 68(3), 301–304 (1999)
A.F. Turhollow, E.O. Heady, Large-scale ethanol production from corn and grain sorghum and improving conversion technology. Energy Agric. 5(4), 309–316 (1986)
IEA, Biofuels for transport e an international perspective (International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, 2004). http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf
D.J. Stevens, M. Worgetten, J. Saddler, Biofuels for transportation: an examination of policy and technical issues. IEA Bioenergy Task 39. Liquid Biofuels Final Report 2001–2003, 2004
N.K. Aggarwal, P. Nigam, D. Singh, B.S. Yadav, Process optimisation for the production of sugar for the bioethanol industry from sorghum a nonconventional source of starch. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 125–131 (2001)
G. Verma, P. Nigam, D. Singh, K. Chaudhary, Bioconversion of starch to ethanol in a single-step process by co-culture of amylolytic yeasts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 21. Bioresour. Technol. 72, 261–266 (2000)
D. Singh, J.S. Dahiya, P. Nigam, Simultaneous raw starch hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation by glucoamylase from Rhizoctonia solani and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Basic Microbiol. 35, 117–121 (1995)
N. Barron, D. Brady, G. Love, R. Marchant, P. Nigam, L. McHale, A.P. McHale, Alginate immobilized thermotolerant yeast for conversion of cellulose to ethanol, in Progress in biotechnology e immobilized cells: basics & applications, ed. by R.H. Wijffels, R.M. Buitelaar, C. Bucke, J. Tramper (Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 379–383
F.E.M. Farias, F.R.C. Silva, S.J.M. Cartaxo, F.A.N. Fernandes, F.G. Sales, Effect of operating conditions on Fischer–Tropsch liquid products. Lat. Am. Appl. Res. 37, 283–287 (2007)
L. Brennan, P. Owende, Biofuels from microalgae e a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, 557–577 (2010)
W. Xiong, X. Li, J. Xiang, O. Wu, High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbiodiesel production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78, 29–36 (2008)
C. Huang, M.H. Zong, W. Hong, Q.P. Liu, Microbial oil production from rice straw hydrolysate by Trichosporon fermentans. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 4535–4538 (2009)
L.Y. Zhu, M.H. Zong, H. Wu, Efficient lipid production with T. fermentas and its use for biodiesel preparation. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 7881–7885 (2008)
J. Chen, T. Ishiii, S. Shimura, K. Kirimura, S. Usami, Lipase production by Trichosporon fermentans WU-C12, a newly isolated yeast. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 5, 412–414 (1992)
S. Fakas, M. Galiotou-Panayotou, S. Papanikolaou, M. Komaitis, G. Aggelis, Compositional shifts in lipid fractions during lipid turnover in Cunninghamella echinulata. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 40, 1321–1327 (2007)
Royal Society of London, Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges (Royal Society, London, 2008)
T.M. Mata, A.A. Martins, N.S. Caetano, Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, 217–232 (2010)
E.A. Farrell, M. Bustard, S. Gough, G. McMullan, P. Nigam, D. Singh et al., Ethanol production at 45 °C by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on molasses pre-treated with Amberlite® and non-living biomass. Bioprocess Eng. 19, 217–219 (1998)
O. Pulz, K. Scheinbenbogan, Photobioreactors: design and performance with respect to light energy input. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 59, 123–152 (1998)
Y. Wang, H. Wu, M.H. Zong, Improvement of biodiesel production by lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed methanolysis using response surface methodology and acyl migration enhancer. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 7232–7237 (2008)
L.M. Brown, Uptake of carbon dioxide from flue gas by microalgae. Energy Convers. Manag. 37(6–8), 1363–1367 (1996)
H.T. Hsueh, H. Chu, S.T. Yu, A batch study on the bio-fixation of carbon dioxide in the absorbed solution from a chemical wet scrubber by hot spring and marine algae. Chemosphere 66(5), 878–886 (2007)
I. Emma Huertas, B. Colman, G.S. Espie, L.M. Lubian, Active transport of CO2 by three species of marine microalgae. J. Phycol. 36(2), 314–320 (2000)
B. Colman, C. Rotatore, Photosynthetic inorganic carbon uptake and accumulation in two marine diatoms. Plant Cell Environ. 18(8), 919–924 (1995)
I.S. Suh, C.G. Lee, Photobioreactor engineering: design and performance. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 8(6), 313–321 (2003)
Q. Hu, M. Sommerfeld, E. Jarvis, M. Ghirardi, M. Posewitz, M. Seibert et al., Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J. 54, 621–639 (2008)
X.L. Miao, Q.Y. Wu, Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 841–846 (2006)
A. Widjaja, C.C. Chien, Y.H. Ju, Study of increasing lipid production from fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 40, 13–20 (2009)
J. Meng, X. Yang, L. Xu, Q. Zhang, M. Nie Xian, Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms. Renew. Energy 34, 1–5 (2009)
K. Tsukahara, S. Sawayama, Liquid fuel production using microalgae. J. Jpn. Pet. Inst. 48(5), 251–259 (2005)
U.S. Department of Energy, A national vision of Americas transition in a hydrogen economy—in 2030 and beyond (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2002)
B. Grant, Biofuels made from algae are the next big thing on alternative energy horizon. Scientist 37–41 (2009)
V. Nedovi’c, S. Nikolic, D. Ljiljana Mojovic, M. Pejin Rakin, Effect of different fermentation parameters on bioethanol production from corn meal hydrolyzates by free and immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84, 497–503 (2009)
J. Johnston, New world for biofuels. Energy Law 86, 10–14 (2008)
S.N. Naik, V.V. Goud, P.K. Rout, A.K. Dalai, Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, 578–597 (2010)
D. Singh, I.M. Banat, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, Industrial scale ethanol production using thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in an Indian distillery. Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 753–755 (1998)
A. Sheoran, B.S. Yadav, P. Nigam, D. Singh, Continuous ethanol production from sugarcane molasses using a column reactor of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Basic Microbiol. 38, 73–78 (1998)
S. Gough, D. Brady, P. Nigam, D. Singh, R. Marchant, A.P. McHale, Production of ethanol from molasses at 45 °C using alginate immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Bioprocess Eng. 16, 389–392 (1997)
J.D. McMillan, Pretreatment of lignocelluloses biomass, in Conversion of hemicellulose hydrolyzates to ethanol, ed. by M.E. Himmel, J.O. Baker, R.P. Overend (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 292–324
Y. Sun, J. Cheng, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 83, 1–11 (2002)
P.J. Morjanoff, P.P. Gray, Optimization of steam explosion as method for increasing susceptibility of sugarcane bagasse to enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29, 733–741 (1987)
D. Ben-Ghedalia, J. Miron, The effect of combined chemical and enzyme treatment on the saccharification and in vitro digestion rate of wheat straw. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23, 823–831 (1981)
P.F. Vidal, J. Molinier, Ozonolysis of lignin-improvement of in vitro digestibility of popular sawdust. Biomass 16, 1–17 (1988)
M.V. Sivers, G. Zacchi, A techno-economical comparison of three processes for the production of ethanol from pine. Bioresour. Technol. 51, 43–52 (1995)
H. Tarkow, W.C. Feist, A mechanism for improving the digestibility of lignocellulosic materials with dilute alkali and liquid NH3. in Advance chemistry series 95 (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1969), pp. 197–218
A.M. Azzam, Pretreatment of cane bagasse with alkaline hydrogen peroxide for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and ethanol fermentation. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 24(4), 421–433 (1989)
J. Schurz, T.K. Ghose, ed. by T.K. Ghose. Bioconversion of cellulosic substances into energy chemicals and microbial protein symposium proceedings (1978), p. 37
K. Boominathan, C.A. Reddy, cAMP-mediated differential regulation of lignin peroxidase and manganese dependent peroxidase production in the whiterot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89(12), 5586–5590 (1992)
R.A. Blanchette, Delignification by wood-decay fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 29, 381–398 (1991)
A.F. Azhar, M.K. Bery, A.R. Colcord, R.S. Roberts, G.V. Corbitt, Factors affecting alcohol fermentation of wood acid hydrolyzate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 11, 293–300 (1981)
T.D. Ranatunga, J. Jervis, R.F. Helm, J.D. McMillan, C. Hatzis, Identification of inhibitory components toxic toward Zymomonas mobilis CP4(pZB5) xylose fermentation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 67, 185–195 (1997)
J. Zaldivar, A. Martinez, L.O. Ingram, Effect of selected aldehydes on the growth and fermentation of ethanologenic Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 65, 24–33 (1999)
R. Boopathy, L. Daniels, Isolation and characterization of a furfural degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium from an anaerobic digester. Curr. Microbiol. 23, 327–332 (1991)
T. Gutierrez, M.L. Buszko, L.O. Ingram, J.F. Preston, Reduction of furfural to furfuryl alcohol by ethanologenic strains of bacteria and its effect on ethanol production from xylose. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 98–100, 327–340 (2002)
P. Wang, J.E. Brenchley, A.E. Humphrey, Screening microorganisms for utilization of furfural and possible intermediates in its degradative pathway. Biotechnol. Lett. 16, 977–982 (1994)
G. Beguin, J.P. Aubert, The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13, 25–28 (1994)
M.P. Coughlan, L.G. Ljungdahl, Comparative biochemistry of fungal and bacterial cellulolytic enzyme system, in Biochemistry and genetics of cellulose degradation, ed. by J.P. Aubert, P. Beguin, J. Millet (Academic Press, London, 1988), pp. 11–30
S.J.B. Duff, W.D. Murray, Bioconversion of forest products industry waste cellulosics to fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 55, 1–33 (1996)
V.S. Bisaria, Bioprocessing of agro-residue to glucose and chemicals, in Bioconversion of waste materials to industrial products, ed. by A.M. Martin (Elsevier, London, 1991), pp. 210–233
A. Singh, P.K.R. Kumar, K. Schugerl, Bioconversion of cellulosic materials to ethanol by filamentous fungi. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 45, 29–55 (1992)
L.R. Lynd, W.H. van Zyl, J.E. McBride, M. Laser, Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16, 577–583 (2005)
A. Saxena, S.K. Garg, J. Verma, Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of waste newspaper to ethanol. Bioresour. Technol. 39, 13–15 (1992)
Y.Z. Zheng, H.M. Lin, G.T. Tsao, Pretreatment for cellulose hydrolysis by carbon dioxide explosion. Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 890–896 (1998)
M. Zhang, C. Eddy, K. Daenda, M. Finkelstein, S.K. Picataggio, Metabolic engineering of a pentose pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis. Science 267, 240–243 (1995)
B.S. Dien, N.N. Nichols, P.J. O’Bryan, R.J. Bothast, Development of new ethanologenic Escherichia coli strains for fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 66, 181–196 (2000)
L.R. Lynd, C.E. Wyman, T.U. Gerngross, Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 777–793 (1999)
C.E. Wyman, Biomass ethanol: technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 24, 189–226 (1999)
I.M. Banat, P. Nigam, D. Singh, R. Marchant, A.P. Mchale, Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations, part I—yeasts in general. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14, 809–821 (1998)
D. Singh, P. Nigam, I.M. Banat, R. Marchant, A.P. Mchale, Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations, part II—use of Klyuveromyces marxianus IMB. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14, 823–834 (1998)
L. Wati, S. Dhamija, D. Singh, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, A.P. Mchale, Characterisation of genetic control of thermotolerance in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 16, 19–26 (1996)
B.S. Yadav, U. Rani, S. Dhamija, P. Nigam, D. Singh, Process optimization for continuous ethanol fermentation by alginate immobilised cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1. J. Basic Microbiol. 36, 205–210 (1996)
I.M. Banat, P. Nigam, D. Singh, A.P. McHale, R. Marchant, Ethanol production using thermotolerant/thermophilic yeast strains: potential future exploitation, in Advances in biotechnology, ed. by A. Pandey (Educational Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1998), pp. 105–119
I.M. Banat, D. Singh, P. Nigam, R. Marchant, Potential of thermotolerant fermentative yeast for industrial ethanol production. Res. Adv. Food Sci. 1, 41–55 (2000)
W.R. Abdel-Fattah, M. Fadil, P. Nigam, I.M. Banat, Isolation of thermotolerant ethanologenic yeasts and use of selected strains in industrial scale fermentation in an Egyptian distillery. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 68, 531–535 (2000)
C.F. Huang, T.H. Lin, G.L. Guo, W.S. Hwang, Enhanced ethanol production by fermentation of rice straw hydrolysate without toxification using a newly adapted strain of Pichia stipitis. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 3914–3920 (2009)
R.K. Sukumaran, R.R. Singhania, G.M. Mathew, A. Pandey, Cellulase production using biomass feed stock and its application in lignocellulose saccharification for bioethanol production. Renew. Energy. 34, 421–424 (2009)
G.T. Tsao, Some technical background information of butanol as biofuel. Adv. Biotechnol. (2009). http://www.advancedbiotech.org/Some%20Technical%
D. Ramey, Butanol advances in biofuels. The Light Party (2004). http://www.lightparty.com/Energy/Butanol.html
K. Brekke, Butanol an energy alternative? Ethanol Today 36–39 (2007)
EBTP. Biobutanol. European biofuels technology platform (EBTP) (2009). http://www.biofuelstp.eu/butanol.html
M. Wu, M. Wang, J. Liu, H. Huo, Life-cycle assessment of corn-based butanol as a potential transportation fuel. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/ESD/07-10 (2007)
N. Qureshi, B.C. Saha, B. Dien, R.E. Hector, M.A. Cotta, Production of butanol (a biofuel) from agricultural residues: part I—use of barley straw hydrolysate. Biomass Bioenergy 34(4), 559–565 (2010)
T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek, Bioproduction of butanol from biomass: from genes to bioreactors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18, 220–227 (2007)
N. Qureshi, J. Ebener, T.C. Ezeji, B. Dien, M.A. Cotta, H.P. Blaschek, Butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. Part I: use of acid and enzyme hydrolysed corn fiber. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 5915–5922 (2008)
N. Qureshi, B.C. Saha, R.E. Hector, M.A. Cotta, Removal of fermentation inhibitors from alkaline peroxide pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat straw: production of butanol from hydrolysate using Clostridium beijerinckii in batch reactors. Biomass Bioenergy 32, 1353–1358 (2008)
N. Qureshi, B.C. Saha, R.E. Hector, B. Dien, S. Hughes, S. Liu et al., Production of butanol (a biofuel) from agricultural residues: part II—use of corn stover and switchgrass hydrolysates. Biomass Bioenergy 34(4), 566–571 (2010)
T. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek, Production of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) in a continuous flow bioreactor using degermed corn and Clostridium beijerinckii. Proc Biochem. 42, 34–39 (2007)
T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek, Butanol production from agricultural residues: impact of degradation products on Clostridium beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97(6), 1460–1469 (2007)
W.C. Huang, D.E. Ramey, S.T. Yang, Continuous production of butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum immobilized in a fibrous bed reactor. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 113, 887–898 (2004)
T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, P. Karcher, H.P. Blaschek, Butanol production from corn, in Alcoholic fuels: fuels for today and tomorrow, ed. by S.D. Minteer (Taylor and Francis, New York, 2006), pp. 99–122
T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek, Industrially relevant fermentations, in Handbook on Clostridia, ed. by P. Durre (CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2005), pp. 797–812
T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek, Process for continuous solvent production. U.S. Provisional Patent, No. 60/504, 280 (2005)
N. Qureshi, B.C. Saha, R.E. Hector, S.R. Hughes, M.A. Cotta, Butanol production from wheat straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: part I—batch fermentation. Biomass Bioenergy 32, 168–175 (2008)
MERCK, Bio-butanol as high energy additive for fuels (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, 2009). http://www.qibebt.cas.cn/xwzx/xshd/200909/P020090922581227413923.pdf
Science News. Scientists hike butanol biofuel production. http://www.upi.com/science-news. Accessed on 24 Aug 2009
E. Celinska, W. Grajek, Biotechnological production of 2,3-butanediol—current state and prospects. Biotechnol. Adv. 27, 715–725 (2009)
N. Qureshi, B.C. Saha, M.A. Cotta, Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 30, 419–427 (2007)
Biobutanol production from lignocellulosic substrates. http://www2.dupont.com/Production-Agriculture
Biobutanol production from lignocellulosic substrates. http://www.biofuelstp.eu/butanol.html
F. Ma, M.A. Hanna, Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 70, 1–15 (1999)
E.M. Shahid, J. Jamal, A review of biodiesel as vehicular fuel. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 12, 2484–2494 (2008)
N. Usta, E. Ozturk, O. Can, E.S. Conkur, S. Nas, A.H. Con, Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstuck/waste sunflower oil mixture in a diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manag. 46, 741–775 (2005)
Y.C. Sharma, B. Singh, S.N. Upadhay, Advancements in development and characterisation of biodiesel: a review. Fuel 87, 2355–2373 (2008)
Z. Helwani, M.R. Othman, N. Aziz, W.J.N. Fernando, J. Kim, Technologies for production of biodiesel focusing on green catalytic techniques: a review. Fuel Process. Technol. 90, 1502–1514 (2009)
F. Billaud, Y. Guitard, A.K.T. Minh, O. Zahraa, P. Lozano, D. Pioch, Kinetic studies of catalytic cracking of octanoic acid. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 192, 281–288 (2003)
G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, M.O. Bagby, Biodiesel: the use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, in Fuels and chemicals from biomass, ed. by B.C. Saha (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 172–208
A.W. Schwab, G.J. Dykstra, E. Selke, S.C. Sorenson, E.H. Pryde, Diesel fuel from thermal-decomposition of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 65, 1781–1786 (1988)
J.M. Marchetti, V.U. Miguel, A.F. Errazu, Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11(6), 1300–1311 (2007)
M. Canakci, A.N. Ozsenzen, E. Arcaklioglu, A. Erdil, Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine duelled with biodiesel produced from waste frying palm oil. Expert Syst. Appl. 36, 9268–9280 (2009)
Nigam P, Centrans: chemical e enzymatic trans-esterification of bio-oils to biodiesel. in Higher Education Innovation Fund, Academic Enterprise Initiatives, University of Ulster, 2008
P. Nigam, M. Kumar, International workshop on biofuels research and development. in ECI Conference USA, Calabaria, 3–7, Aug, 2008
U. Schuchardta, R. Serchelia, R.M. Vargas, Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 9, 199–210 (1998)
L.C. Meher, V.S. Dharmagadda, S.N. Naik, Optimization of alkali catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 1392–1397 (2006)
S.K. Karmee, A. Chadha, Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 1425–1429 (2005)
S. Furuta, H. Matsuhasbi, K. Arata, Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. Catal. Commun. 5, 721–723 (2004)
M. Canakci, J.V. Gerpen, A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. Trans. ASAE 46, 945–955 (2003)
V. Rathore, G. Madras, Synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils in supercritical alcohols and enzymatic synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide. Fuel 86, 2650–2659 (2007)
C.L. Peterson, J.L. Cook, J.C. Thompson, J.S. Taberski, Continuous flow biodiesel production. Appl. Eng. Agric. 18(1), 5–11 (2002)
A.A. Kiss, Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Comput. Chem. Eng. 34(5), 812–820 (2010)
E. Lotero, Y.J. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D.A. Bruce, J.G. Goodwin, Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 5353–5363 (2005)
K. Narasimharao, A. Lee, K. Wilson, Catalysts in production of biodiesel: a review. J. Biobased Mater Bioenergy 1, 19–30 (2007)
J. Van Gerpen, Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process. Technol. 86, 1097–1107 (2005)
M.A. Hanna, L. Isom, J. Campbell, Biodiesel: current perspectives and future. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 64, 854–857 (2005)
G. Vicente, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalyst systems. Bioresour. Technol. 92, 297–305 (2004)
B. Dale, Greening the chemical industry: research and development priorities for biobased industrial products. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 78, 1093–1103 (2003)
T.F. Dossin, M.F. Reyniers, R.J. Berger, G.B. Marin, Simulation of heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 67, 136–148 (2006)
A.A. Kiss, A.C. Dimian, G. Rothenberg, Solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production towards sustainable energy. Adv. Synth. Catal. 348, 75–81 (2006)
A.A. Kiss, A.C. Dimian, G. Rothenberg, ‘Green catalysts’ for enhanced biodiesel technology, catalysis of organic reactions. Chem. Ind. Ser. 115, 405–414 (2006)
A.A. Kiss, G. Rothenberg, A.C. Dimian, F. Omota, The heterogeneous advantage: biodiesel by catalytic reactive distillation. Top. Catal. 40, 141–150 (2006)
B.B. He, A.P. Singh, J.C. Thompson, A novel continuous-flow reactor using reactive distillation for biodiesel production. Trans. ASAE 49, 107–112 (2006)
K. Suwannakarn, E. Lotero, K. Ngaosuwan, J.G. Goodwin, Simultaneous free fatty acid esterification and triglyceride transesterification using a solid acid catalyst with in situ removal of water and unreacted methanol. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48, 2810–2818 (2009)
L. Bournay, D. Casanave, B. Delfort, G. Hillion, J.A. Chodorge, New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production. Catal. Today 106, 190–192 (2005)
G. Vicente, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, A. Esteban, Kinetics of sunflower oil methanolysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44(15), 5447–5454 (2005)
D. Darnoko, M. Cheryan, Continuous production of palm methyl esters. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 77, 1269–1272 (2000)
O.S. Stamenkovic, M.L. Lazic, Z.B. Todorovic, V.B. Veljkovic, D.U. Skala, The effect of agitation intensity on alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. Bioresour. Technol. 98(14), 2688–2699 (2007)
D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, Two-step preparation for catalyst-free biodiesel fuel production: hydrolysis and methyl esterification. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 115, 781–792 (2004)
E. Minami, S. Saka, Kinetics of hydrolysis and methyl esterification for biodiesel production in two-step supercritical methanol process. Fuel 85, 2479–2483 (2006)
G. Knothe, Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters. Fuel Process. Technol. 86, 1059–1070 (2005)
A.A. Kiss, A.C. Dimian, G. Rothenberg, Biodiesel by reactive distillation powered by metal oxides. Energy Fuels 22, 598–604 (2008)
F. Omota, A.C. Dimian, A. Bliek, Fatty acid esterification by reactive distillation. Part 1: equilibrium-based design. Chem. Eng. Sci. 58, 3159–3174 (2003)
A.K. Singh, S.D. Fernando, Reaction kinetics of soybean oil transesterification using heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts. Chem. Eng. Technol. 30(12), 1–6 (2007)
B.M. Choudary, M.L. Kantam, C.V. Reddy, S. Aranganathan, Pl. Santhia, F. Figueras, Mg–Al–O–t-Bu hydrotalcite: a new and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 159, 411–416 (2000)
M.F. Demirbas, M. Balat, Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels. Energy Convers. Manag. 47, 2371–2378 (2006)
S.H. Ha, M.N. Lan, S.H. Lee, S.M. Hwang, Y.M. Koo, Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil in ionic liquids. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 41, 480–483 (2007)
D. Royon, M. Daz, G. Ellenrieder, S. Locatelli, Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 648–653 (2007)
S. Saka, D. Kusdiana, Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol. Fuel 80, 225–231 (2001)
W. Cao, H. Han, J. Zhang, Preparation of biodiesel from soybean using supercritical methanol and CO2. Process Biochem. 40, 3148–3151 (2005)
H. He, T. Wang, S. Zhu, Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using supercritical methanol process. Fuel 86, 442–447 (2007)
D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuels as treated in supercritical methanol. Fuel 80, 693–698 (2001)
M. Balat, H. Balat, A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel. Energy Convers. Manag. 49(10), 2727–2741 (2008)
M.J. Groom, E. Gray, P.A. Townsend, Biofuels and biodiversity: principles for creating better policies for biofuel production. Conserv. Biol. 22, 602–609 (2008)
J. Fargione, J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky, P. Hawthrone, Land clearing and the carbon debt. Sci. Mag. 319, 1235–1238 (2008)
FAO, in World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An FAO perspective, ed. by J. Bruinsma. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, 2003). http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4252-/y4252-00.htm
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors have retracted this article [1] because it contains significant overlap with an article previously by Nigam and Singh [2]. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused. All authors agree to this retraction.
References:
1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11164-013-1231-z
2. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128510000353
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-017-3177-z.
About this article
Cite this article
Savaliya, M.L., Dhorajiya, B.D. & Dholakiya, B.Z. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Recent advancement in production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources: a review. Res Chem Intermed 41, 475–509 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-013-1231-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-013-1231-z