Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The role of family ownership in international entrepreneurship: exploring nonlinear effects

  • Published:
Small Business Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Empirical research on international entrepreneurship is growing, but results on the role of family ownership in this phenomenon are inconsistent. We believe these inconsistencies owe to prior researchers having not yet investigated nonlinear relationships. Drawing on opposing perspectives of stewardship and stagnation, we explore potential benefits and drawbacks of family ownership for international entrepreneurship and explore nonlinear relationships among these two variables. Using a sample of 1,035 US family businesses and applying ordinal regression analysis, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between family ownership and international entrepreneurship: International entrepreneurship is maximized when family ownership stands at moderate levels. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and practice and indicate avenues for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. One other criterion was that they could not have participated in a TNS survey during the prior 3 months.

References

  • Adams, A. F., Astrachan, J. H., & Manners, G. (2005). The cost of capital in privately held firms: Assessing the impact of ‘non financial’ returns. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (p. 176). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

  • Aldrich, H. A., & Cliff, J. E. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 573–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allio, M. (2004). Family businesses: Their virtues, vices and strategic path. Strategy and Leadership, 32, 24–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allouche, J., & Amann, B. (1997). Le retour triomphant du capitalisme familial [The triumphant return of family capitalism]. L’expansion: Management Review, 85, 92–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A. R., Jack, S. L., & Dodd, S. D. (2005). The role of family members in entrepreneurial networks: Beyond the boundaries of the family firm. Family Business Review, 18, 135–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58, 1301–1327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arregle, J.-L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., & Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 73–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrachan, J. H., & Kolenko, T. A. (1994). A neglected factor explaining family business success: Human resource practices. Family Business Review, 7, 251–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (1997). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 909–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beehr, T. A., Drexler, J. A., & Faulkner, S. (1997). Working in small family businesses. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 297–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloodgood, J., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (1996). The internationalization of new high-potential U.S. ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 20, 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boles, J. (1996). Influences of work-family conflict on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and quitting intentions among business owners: The case of family operated businesses. Family Business Review, 9, 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgel, O., & Murray, G. C. (1988). The international activities of British start-up companies in high-technology industries: Differences between internationalisers and non-internationalisers. In P. D. Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, N. M. Carter, S. Manigart, C. Mason, G. Meyer, & K. Shaver (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 447–463). Babson Park, MA: Boston College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkart, M., Panunzi, F., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Family firms. Journal of Finance, 58, 2167–2202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappuyns, K. (2004). Internationalization of family business through strategic alliances: An exploratory study. In P. Z. Poutziouris, K. X. Smyrnios, & S. B. Klein (Eds.), Handbook of research on family business (pp. 445–459). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. (2001). Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 533–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casson, M. (1999). The economics of the family firm. Scandinavian Economics History Review, 47, 10–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. D. (1990). Scale and scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. P. C., Memili, E., Chrisman, J. J., Kellermanns, F. W., & Chua, J. C. (2009). Family social capital, venture preparedness, and start-up decisions: A study of Hispanic entrepreneurs in New England. Family Business Review, 22, 279–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbetta, G., & Salvato, C. (2004). Self-serving or self-actualizing? Models of man and agency costs in different types of family firms: A commentary on ‘Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence’. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 28, 355–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello, N. E., & Munro, H. J. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm: Networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29, 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professional managed firms. Family Business Review, 5, 117–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, L. P. (2001). Introduction: Networks, internationalization and policy. Small Business Economics, 16, 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (1998). Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. Academy of Management Review, 23, 491–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P. (2005). Researching Entrepreneurship. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. S., & Harveston, P. D. (1999). In the founder’s shadow: Conflict in the family firm. Family Business Review, 12, 311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. S., & Harveston, P. D. (2000). Internationalization and organizational growth: The impact of Internet usage and technology involvement among entrepreneur-led family businesses. Family Business Review, 13, 107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 22, 20–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donckels, R., & Fröhlich, E. (1991). Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS. Family Business Review, 4, 149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddleston, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2007). Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 545–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddleston, K., Kellermanns, F. W., & Sarathy, R. (2008). Resource configuration in family firms: Linking resources, strategic planning and technological opportunities to performance. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 26–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensley, M. D., & Pearson, A. W. (2005). An exploratory comparison of the behavioral dynamics of top management teams in family and nonfamily new ventures: Cohesion, conflict, potency, and consensus. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 29, 267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad, H., & Lee, Y. (2003). The knowledge network of international entrepreneurship: Theory and evidence. Small Business Economics, 20, 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, T., & Phan, P. (2007). International new ventures: Revisiting the influences behind the “born-global” firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 1113–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fear, J. (1997). August Thyssen and German steel. In T. McCraw (Ed.), Creating modern capitalism (pp. 185–226). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2005). Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family businesses: Some influential factors. Family Business Review, 18, 77–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2006). Impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 340–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernhaber, S. A., Gilbert, B. A., & McDougall, P. P. (2008). International entrepreneurship and geographic location: An empirical examination of new venture internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 267–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flören, R. (2001). Internationalization of family business in the Netherlands: Research results about implementation of new international strategies and barriers to growth in international markets. Breukelen, Netherlands: University of Nyenrode.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, M. A., & Estapè, M. J. (1992). Internationalization of the family business. Research paper no. 230. Barcelona, Spain: IESE Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, M. A., & Garcia-Pont, C. (1996). Important factors in family business internationalization. Family Business Review, 9, 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, M. A., & Sveen, J. (1991). Internationalizing the family business: Facilitating and restraining factors. Family Business Review, 4, 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gedajlovic, E. R., Lubatkin, M. H., & Schulze, W. S. (2004). Crossing the threshold from founder management to professional management. Journal of Management Studies, 41, 899–912.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, G., & Prabhu, G. N. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25, 620–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, G., Wiklund, J., & Zahra, S. A. (2005). Ownership and the internationalization of small firms. Journal of Management, 31, 210–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., McCollom Hampton, M., & Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (1985). Proprietor control in family firms: Some functions of “quasi-organic” management systems. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 53–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1988). The role of human resources strategy in export performance: A longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 493–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Nunez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 106–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. (2001). The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 81–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassby, R. (2000). Kinship and capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, C., & Thomas, J. (2006). Internationalization of Australian family businesses: A managerial capabilities perspective. Family Business Review, 19, 207–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzo, R. A., & Abbott, S. (1990). Family firms as utopian organizations. Family Business Review, 3, 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habbershon, T. G., & Williams, M. L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFERA. (2003). Family businesses dominate. Family Business Review, 16, 235–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, H. S. (1999). What can the family contribute to business? Examining contractual relationships. Family Business Review, 12, 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, H. (2006). Family capitalism: Wendels, Haniels, Falcks and the Continental European model. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jehn, K. A. (1997). A quantitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karagozoglu, N., & Lindell, M. (1998). Internationalization of small and medium-sized technology-based firms: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business Management, 36, 44–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2004). Feuding families: When conflict does a family firm good. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28, 209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2006). Corporate entrepreneurship in family firms: A family perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30, 809–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2007). A family perspective on when conflict benefits family firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 60, 1048–1057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., Barnett, T., & Pearson, A. (2008). An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: Effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm. Family Business Review, 21, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keupp, M. M., & Gassmann, O. (2009). The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: A review and suggestions for developing the field. Journal of Management, 35(3), 600–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (1999). Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54, 471–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. (1949). French entrepreneurship and industrial growth in the nineteenth century. Journal of Economic History, 9, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lansberg, I. (1999). Succeeding generations: Realizing the dream of families in business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (2006). Family firm performance: Further evidence. Family Business Review, 19, 103–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. (1971). Conflicts that plague family businesses. Harvard Business Review, 49, 90–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, I., & Bonacich, E. (1988). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965–1982. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, I., & Gold, S. J. (2000). Ethnic economies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litz, R. A. (1995). The family business: Toward definitional clarity. Family Business Review, 8, 71–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 565–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubatkin, M. H., Ling, Y., & Schulze, W. S. (2007). An organizational justice-based view of moral hazard problems in family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 955–997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubatkin, M. H., Schulze, W. S., Ling, Y., & Dino, R. N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of family-managed firms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 313–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyman, A. R. (1991). Customer service: Does family ownership make a difference? Family Business Review, 4, 303–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. R., & Greene, P. G. (2002). Internationalization of small firms: Personal factors revisited. International Small Business Journal, 20, 9–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • MassMutual, Kennesaw State University, & Family Firm Institute. (2007). American Family Business Survey. Springfield, MA: Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company and affiliates.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullagh, P. (1980). Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 42, 109–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, P. P., & Oviatt, B. M. (2000). International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two paths. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 902–906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2003). Challenge versus advantage in family business. Strategic Organization, 1, 127–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., & Scholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. stagnation: An empirical comparison of small family and non-family businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 51–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. J., & Rice, A. K. (1988). The family business in contemporary society. Family Business Review, 1, 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morck, R., & Yeung, B. A. (2003). Agency problems in large family groups. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 27, 367–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustakallio, M., Autio, E., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Relational and contractual governance in family firms: Effects on strategic decision making. Family Business Review, 15, 205–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjöberg, K., & Wiklund, J. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20, 33–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norušis, M. J. (2006). SPSS 15.0 Statistical procedures companion. Upper Saddle-River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoroafo, S. C. (1999). Internationalization of family businesses: Evidence from Northwest Ohio, USA. Family Business Review, 12, 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1995). Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 30–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 29, 537–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D., & Barber, B. (2001). Challengers, elites and owning families: A social class theory of corporate acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 87–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W. (2001). The resource-based view and international business. Journal of Management, 27, 803–829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieper, T. M., & Astrachan, J. H. (2008). Mechanisms to assure family business cohesion: Guidelines for family business leaders and their families. Kennesaw, GA: Cox Family Enterprise Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pistrui, D., Huang, W., Oksoy, D., Jing, Z., & Welsch, H. (2001). Entrepreneurship in China: Characteristics, attributes, and family forces shaping the emerging private sector. Family Business Review, 14, 141–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poza, E. J., Alfred, T., & Maheshwari, A. (1997). Stakeholder perceptions of culture and management practices in family and family firms. Family Business Review, 10, 135–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, B. (1999). Timken: From Missouri to Mars—A century of leadership in manufacturing. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuber, R., & Fischer, E. (1997). The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization. Journal of International Business, 28, 807–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasvathy, S. D. (2000). Report on the seminar on research perspectives in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 1–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathe, V. (2003). Corporate entrepreneurship: Top managers and new business creation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2002). Altruism, agency, and the competitiveness of family firms. Managerial and Decision Economics, 23, 247–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2003). Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 179–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. (2001). Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12, 99–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1996). A review and annotated bibliography of family business studies. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirmon, D. G., Arregle, J.-L., Hitt, M. A., & Webb, J. W. (2008). The role of family influence in firms’ strategic responses to threat of imitation. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 32, 979–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 27, 339–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. (1995). Market orientation and the learning organization. Journal of Marketing, 59, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steensma, K., Marino, L., Weaver, M., & Dickson, P. (2000). The influence of national culture in the formation of technology alliances by entrepreneurial firms. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 951–973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, S. (1989). The challenges of multidisciplinary consulting to family-owned businesses. Family Business Review, 2, 329–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinth, R., & Vinton, K. (1993). Do family-owned business have a strategic advantage in international joint ventures? Family Business Review, 6, 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. S., & Mueller, S. L. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, 287–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui-Auch, L. S. (2004). The professionally managed family-ruled enterprise: Ethnic Chinese business in Singapore. Journal of Management Studies, 41, 693–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L. (1998). Growing the family business: Special challenges and best practices. Family Business Review, 10, 323–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L. (2004). Perpetuating the family business. Marietta, GA: Family Enterprise Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, L. S., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1980). Initial exports: A marketing failure? Journal of Management Studies, 17, 333–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkowski, T. H., & Thibodeau, E. J. (1999). Personal bonding processes in international marketing relationships. Journal of Business Research, 46, 315–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. W., & Ricks, D. A. (1994). Trends in international business research: Twenty-five years later. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 687–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, Y., Lee, T., & Woidtke, T. (2001). Family control and corporate governance: Evidence from Taiwan. International Review of Finance, 2, 21–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A. (2003). International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family business: The effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 495–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A. (2005). Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18, 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., & Garvis, S. (2000). International corporate entrepreneurship and company performance: The moderating effect of international environmental hostility. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 469–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: The current status of the field and future research agenda. In M. A. Hitt, D. R. Ireland, S. M. Camp, & D. L. Sexton (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset (pp. 255–288). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C., & Salvato, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship in family vs. non-family firms: A resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 28, 363–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., Ireland, D. R., & Hitt, M. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 925–950.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economics and Marketing Department, IULM University, Via Carlo Bo, 8, 20143, Milan, Italy

    Salvatore Sciascia & Pietro Mazzola

  2. Coles College of Business, Kennesaw State University, 1000 Chastain Road, #0408, Kennesaw, GA, 30144-5591, USA

    Joseph H. Astrachan & Torsten M. Pieper

Authors
  1. Salvatore Sciascia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pietro Mazzola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph H. Astrachan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Torsten M. Pieper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salvatore Sciascia.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., Astrachan, J.H. et al. The role of family ownership in international entrepreneurship: exploring nonlinear effects. Small Bus Econ 38, 15–31 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9264-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9264-9

Keywords

JEL Classifications

Search

Navigation