Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entrepreneurial readiness in the context of national systems of entrepreneurship

  • Published:
Small Business Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study contributes to the emerging stream of literature on national systems of entrepreneurship by investigating the importance of systemic contingencies between individual-level and country-level variables. Specifically, we develop the concept of entrepreneurial readiness as a factor consisting of four items relating to individuals’ skills, fear of failure, social connectedness, and opportunity perception. The results indicate that this entrepreneurial readiness construct is a more parsimonious and cogent representation of individual-level characteristics than several loosely connected individual traits. Moreover, we demonstrate that entrepreneurial readiness has substantial explanatory power with regard to individuals’ entrepreneurial intention. Individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions are also influenced by several dimensions of the national environment such that entrepreneurial readiness and these national environmental conditions are mutually reinforcing. These findings lend support to the importance of viewing entrepreneurship from a systems perspective and underscore the importance of institutional conditions in fostering entrepreneurship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Spain and Brazil were relatively overrepresented in the data set, with N = 21,900 and N = 10,000, respectively. We randomly selected 4000 responses from these two countries to ensure a more balanced sample.

  2. Item loadings are high (normative 0.74–0.91; cognitive 0.90–0.94; conducive 0.87–0.95; entrepreneurial readiness 0.78–0.92). The regulative factor contains one item, regulations pertaining to starting a business, with a relatively low loading of 0.52 (remaining range 0.8–0.9) and a squared AVE that is slightly higher than the correlation with the conducive factor. Nevertheless, we retained this item due to its conceptual importance.

  3. Note that when country level control variables are introduced before entrepreneurial readiness, the strength of both coefficients is slightly higher and both are highly significant (β(GDP(log)) = −1.72, p < 0.001; β(Population(log)) = 0.76, p < 0.001). The ICC is 21 %.

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 757–774. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9505-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476–494. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aidis, R. (2005). Institutional barriers to small-and medium-sized enterprise operations in transition countries. Small Business Economics, 25(4), 305–317. doi:10.1007/s11187-003-6463-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2008). Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: A comparative perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 656–672. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645–670. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). The entrepreneurial theory of the firm. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1057–1063. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00721.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anokhin, S., & Schulze, W. S. (2009). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and corruption. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 465–476. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.06.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anokhin, S., & Wincent, J. (2012). Start-up rates and innovation: A cross-country examination. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(1), 41–61. doi:10.1057/jibs.2011.47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenius, P., & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233–247. doi:10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., & Lehmann, E. E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Autio, E., & Acs, Z. (2010). Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(3), 234–251. doi:10.1002/sej.93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T., Gedajlovic, E., & Lubatkin, M. (2005). A framework for comparing entrepreneurship processes across nations. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(5), 492–504. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893–921. doi:10.1086/261712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., & Schramm, C. J. (2007). Sustaining entrepreneurial capitalism. Capitalism and Society, 2(2). doi:10.2202/1932-0213.1026

  • Begley, T. M., Tan, W. L., & Schoch, H. (2005). Politico-economic factors associated with interest in starting a business: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 35–55. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00068.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2004). Self-employment: More may not be better. National Bureau of Economic Research.

  • Bosma, N., Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., Coduras, A., & Levie, J. (2009). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2008 executive report. Babson College and Universidad del Desarrollo.

  • Bosma, N. S., & Levie, J. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2009 global report. Babson College and University del Desarrollo and Haskolinn i Reykjaik at Reykjavik University.

  • Bowen, H. P., & De Clercq, D. (2008). Institutional context and the allocation of entrepreneurial effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747–767. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Li, H. L. (2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 421–440. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00390.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003. doi:10.2307/1556423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W., & Lau, C.-M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bygrave, W., Hay, M., Ng, E., & Reynolds, P. (2003). Executive forum: a study of informal investing in 29 nations composing the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 5(2), 101–116. doi:10.1080/1369106032000097021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dana, L. P. (1990). Saint Martin/Sint Maarten: a case study of the effects of culture on economic development. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(4), 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dau, L. A., & Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2014). To formalize or not to formalize: entrepreneurship and pro-market institutions. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 668–686. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq, D., & Arenius, P. (2006). The role of knowledge in business start-up activity. International Small Business Journal, 24(4), 339–358. doi:10.1177/0266242606065507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq, D., Danis, W. M., & Dakhli, M. (2010). The moderating effect of institutional context on the relationship between associational activity and new business activity in emerging economies. International Business Review, 19(1), 85–101. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.09.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq, D., Lim, D. S., & Oh, C. H. (2013). Individual-level resources and new business activity: The contingent role of institutional context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 303–330. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00470.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit, G., & Van Winden, F. A. (1989). An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics, 1(4), 263–272. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(90)90056-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(1), 1–23. doi:10.1080/089856200283063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 269–277. doi:10.1509/jmkr.38.2.269.18845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driga, O., Lafuente, E., & Vaillant, Y. (2009). Reasons for the relatively lower entrepreneurial activity levels of rural women in Spain. Sociologia Ruralis, 49(1), 70–96. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00475.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elam, A. B. (2008). Gender and entrepreneurship: A multilevel theory and analysis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elam, A., & Terjesen, S. (2010). Gendered institutions and cross-national patterns of business creation for men and women. European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 331–348. doi:10.1057/ejdr.2010.19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Namaki, M. (1988). Encouraging entrepreneurs in developing countries. Long Range Planning, 21(4), 98–106. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(88)90014-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrin, S., Korosteleva, J., & Mickiewicz, T. (2013). Which institutions encourage entrepreneurial growth aspirations? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 564–580. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2011). Institutions and female entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 397–415. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9373-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: Key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, G., & Zhao, H. (2000). Multilevel modeling for binary data. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 441–462. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Babin, B., Black, W., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, L. E. (2008). The central liberal truth: How politics can change a culture and save it from itself. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24(5), 623–641. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063(99)80077-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, D. A., Griffin, M. A., & Gavin, M. B. (2000). The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research. In K. Klein & S. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 467–511). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: National differences in thinking and organizing. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, E., & Lusardi, A. (2004). Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 319–347. doi:10.1086/381478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, H., & Powell, W. (2005). Institutions and Entrepreneurship. In S. Alvarez, R. Agarwal, & O. Sorenson (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (Vol. 2, pp. 201–232)., International handbook series on entrepreneurship US: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • IBM Corp. Released (2012). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

  • Kelley, D., Bosma, N., & Amorós, J. (2011). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2010 executive report.

  • Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2012). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2011 global report.

  • Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klyver, K., Nielsen, S. L., & Evald, M. R. (2013). Women’s self-employment: An act of institutional (dis) integration? A multilevel, cross-country study. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 474–488. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolvereid, L. (1992). Growth aspirations among Norwegian entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 209–222. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(92)90027-O.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostova, T. (1997). Country institutional profiles: Concept and measurement. In Academy of management proceedings (vol. 1, pp. 180–184). Academy of Management. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1997.4981338.

  • Krueger, N. F, Jr, Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411–432. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, V. P., Dimitrova, M. N., Shaffer, M. A., Davidkov, T., & Yordanova, D. I. (2012). Entrepreneurial readiness and firm growth: an integrated etic and emic approach. Journal of International Management, 18(2), 147–159. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2012.02.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levie, J., & Autio, E. (2008). A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 235–263. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9136-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lounsbury, M., & Glynn, M. A. (2001). Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6–7), 545–564. doi:10.1002/smj.188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maula, M., Autio, E., & Arenius, P. (2005). What drives micro-angel investments? Small Business Economics, 25(5), 459–475. doi:10.1007/s11187-004-2278-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, J. S., Bagby, D., & Palich, L. E. (2008). Economic freedom and the motivation to engage in entrepreneurial action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 875–895. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00260.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 132–152. doi:10.2307/20159189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., & Holmes, K. R. (Eds.). (2010). 2010 Index of economic freedom: The link between entrepreneurial opportunity and prosperity. New York: The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., & Holmes, K. R. (Eds.). (2011). 2011 Index of economic freedom. New York: The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., Holmes, K. R., & Feulner, E. J. (Eds.). (2012). 2012 Index of economic freedom. New York: The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., Holmes, K. R., Kim, A. B., Markhiem, D., Roberts, J., & Walsh, C. (Eds.). (2009). 2009 Index of economic freedom. New York: The Heritage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minniti, M. A., Arenius, P., & Langowitz, N. S. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Report on women and entrepreneurship: Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College.

  • Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-cultural cognitions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974–993. doi:10.2307/1556422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neck, H., Zacharakis, A., Bygrave, W., & Reynolds, P. (2003). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2002 executive report. Babson, MA: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179. doi:10.5465/AMR.1991.4279002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129–144. doi:10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, P. H. (2004). Entrepreneurship theory: possibilities and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 617–620. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.09.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renko, M., Shrader, R. C., & Simon, M. (2012). Perception of entrepreneurial opportunity: A general framework. Management Decision, 50(7), 1233–1251. doi:10.1108/00251741211246987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. (2002). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Executive Report. Babson Park/London: Babson College and London Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, S. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) Beta. Hamburg.

  • Sala-i-Martín, X., Bilbao-Osorio, B., Blanke, J., Crotti, R., Hanouz, M. D., Geiger, T., et al. (2012). The global competitiveness index 2012–2013: Strengthening recovery by raising productivity. The global competitiveness report 2012–2013.

  • Sala-i-Martin, X., Bilbao-Osorio, B., Blanke, J., Hanouz, M. D., & Geiger, T. (2011). The global competitiveness index 2011–2012: Setting the foundations for strong productivity. The global competitiveness report, 2012

  • Sala-i-Martin, X., Blanke, J., Hanouz, M. D., Geiger, T., & Mia, I. (2009). The global competitiveness index 2009–2010: Contributing to long-term prosperity amid the global economic crisis. The global competitiveness report (vol. 2010).

  • Sala-i-Martin, X., Blanke, J., Hanouz, M. D., Geiger, T., & Mia, I. (2010). The global competitiveness index 2010–2011: Looking beyond the global economic crisis. The global competitiveness report, 2011.

  • Schendel, D., & Hitt, M. A. (2007). Introduction to Volume 1. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1–2), 1–6. doi:10.1002/sej.16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S. (2009). Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. Small Business Economics, 33(2), 141–149. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. doi:10.5465/AMR.2000.2791611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. (2012). Entrepreneurship and institutional change in transition economies: The Commonwealth of Independent States, Central and Eastern Europe and China compared. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(3–4), 215–233. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.670914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, R. S. (2008). Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 641–655. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, J. W., & Gómez, C. (2004). The relationship among national institutional structures, economic factors, and domestic entrepreneurial activity: a multicountry study. Journal of Business Research, 57(10), 1098–1107. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00040-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenholm, P., Acs, Z. J., & Wuebker, R. (2013). Exploring country-level institutional arrangements on the rate and type of entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(1), 176–193. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J., Yang, J., & Veliyath, R. (2009). Particularistic and system trust among small and medium enterprises: A comparative study in China’s transition economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(6), 544–557. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.05.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terjesen, S., & Szerb, L. (2008). Dice thrown from the beginning? An empirical investigation of determinants of firm level growth expectations. Estudios de Economía, 35(2), 154. doi:10.4067/S0718-52862008000200003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank. (2008). Doing Business 2009: Comparing Regulation in 181 Economies. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank. (2009). Doing Business 2010: Reforming through difficult times. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank. (2010). Doing Business 2011: Making a difference for entrepreneurs. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank. (2011). Doing Business 2012: Doing business in a more transparent world. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, A. R. (2004). Post-materialism: A cultural factor influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. In Papers on entrepreneurship, growth and public policy (vol. 20–2005). Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute of Economics.

  • Urbano, D., & Alvarez, C. (2014). Institutional dimensions and entrepreneurial activity: An international study. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 703–716. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9523-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Stel, A., & Storey, D. (2004). The link between firm births and job creation: Is there a Upas tree effect? Regional Studies, 38(8), 893–909. doi:10.1080/0034340042000280929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 171–186. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9014-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veciana, J. M., & Urbano, D. (2008). The institutional approach to entrepreneurship research. Introduction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(4), 365–379. doi:10.1007/s11365-008-0081-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D., & Thurik, R. (2002). An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: Policies, institutions and culture. In D. B. Audretsch, R. Thurik, I. Verheul, & S. Wennekers (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: Determinants and policy in a European-US comparison (pp. 11–81). Berlin: Springer.

  • Westlund, H., & Bolton, R. (2003). Local social capital and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 21(2), 77–113. doi:10.1023/A:1025024009072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier, S., Kelley, D., Kew, J., Herrington, M., & Vorderwülbecke, A. (2013). Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) 2012 global report.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Telfer School of Management and Institute for Science, Society and Policy, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Ave E., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

    R. Sandra Schillo

  2. Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

    Ajax Persaud & Meng Jin

Authors
  1. R. Sandra Schillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ajax Persaud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Meng Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Sandra Schillo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schillo, R.S., Persaud, A. & Jin, M. Entrepreneurial readiness in the context of national systems of entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ 46, 619–637 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9709-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9709-x

Keywords

JEL Classifications

Search

Navigation