Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inter-organizational scientific collaborations and policy effects: an ego-network evolutionary perspective of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

  • Published:
Scientometrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The formation, evolution, and dynamics of Industry–University–Research Institute (IUR) scientific collaborations in China have not been uncovered fully in extant literature. This study seeks to fill this research gap based on a novel sample of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) from an ego-network perspective and especially reveals the guiding role of government policies. By taking the inter-organizational scientific collaboration systems of the CAS with enterprises and universities as a proxy for IUR collaborations in China, we explore the dynamic evolution and characteristics of the IUR collaboration networks in China during the period from 1978 to 2015. Our study reveals a simultaneous trend in accordance with the effects of the government’s science and technology (S&T) policies on shaping the linkages among public research institutes, enterprises and universities during the last several decades. In particular, we find that S&T policies issued by the government may affect the dynamic evolution of the small-world structure in the scientific collaboration networks of public research institutes with enterprises and universities over time. This study enriches the empirical research on IUR collaborations in the context of China by examining the patterns of bilateral or trilateral collaborations between and among CAS with industries and universities around this country, which not only contributes to understanding the dynamic evolution of China’s IUR collaborations in the context of a series of government S&T policies but also helps deepen our understanding of the characteristics of China’s national innovation system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Note that public research institutes are not included in the category of universities in this study because these organizations may differ in their roles and functions in the national innovation system (De Fuentes and Dutrenit 2012).

  2. “Project 985” was launched by the Chinese government in May 1998 to build several world-class universities in the twentyfirst century. “Project 985” currently includes the top 39 domestic universities in China.

  3. Launched by the Chinese government in 1995, “Project 211” aims to build “high-level universities and key disciplinary fields” by enhancing their research capabilities. “Project 211” currently includes 112 key universities.

  4. See the CAS website (http://www.cas.cn) for further details.

  5. As noted above, our study considers CAS as a research institute rather than as a university or government. Thus, our search strategies are different from those used by Ye et al. (2013).

References

  • Abbasi, A., Hossain, L., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). Betweenness centrality as a driver of preferential attachment in the evolution of research collaboration networks. Journal of Informetrics, 6(3), 403–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adegbesan, J. A., & Higgins, M. J. (2011). The intra-alliance division of value created through collaboration. Strategic Management Journal, 32(2), 187–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aksnes, D. W. (2003). Characteristics of highly cited papers. Research Evaluation, 12(3), 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, J. S., Cheng, Y., & Wu, C. (2014). Does enforcement of intellectual property rights matter in china? evidence from financing and investment choices in the high-tech industry. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(2), 332–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arza, V. (2010). Channels, benefits and risks of public–private interactions for knowledge transfer: Conceptual framework inspired by Latin America. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 473–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baba, Y., Shichijo, N., & Sedita, S. R. (2009). How do collaborations with universities affect firms’ innovative performance? The role of “Pasteur scientists” in the advanced materials field. Research Policy, 38(5), 756–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, N., Lloyd, E., & Wilson, R. (1986). Graph theory 1736–1936. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, K., D’Este, P., & Neely, A. (2011). Gaining from interactions with universities: Multiple methods for nurturing absorptive capacity. Research Policy, 40(1), 30–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, P. C., & Ponomariov, B. L. (2009). University researchers working with private companies. Technovation, 29(2), 142–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet for windows: Software for social network analysis. Lexington, KY: Analytic Technologies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozeman, B., & Gaughan, M. (2007). Impacts of grants and contracts on academic researchers’ interactions with industry. Research Policy, 36(5), 694–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breznitz, D., & Murphree, M. (2011). Run of the red queen: Government, innovation, globalization, and economic growth in China. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 349–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2014). Implementing the Triple Helix model in a non-western context: An institutional logics perspective. Triple Helix, 1(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2002). R&D cooperation and spillovers: Some empirical evidence from Belgium. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1169–1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P. L., & Shih, H. Y. (2004). The innovation systems of Taiwan and China: A comparative analysis. Technovation, 24(7), 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., & Guan, J. (2010). The impact of small world on innovation: An empirical study of 16 countries. Journal of Informetrics, 4(1), 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., & Guan, J. (2011). Mapping of biotechnology patents of China from 1995–2008. Scientometrics, 88(1), 73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. E. (2006). Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive-capacity—a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2002). Links and impacts: The influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Science, 48(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlander, L., & Gann, D. M. (2010). How open is innovation? Research Policy, 39(6), 699–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. F., Mina, Y., & Baker, W. E. (2003). The small world of the American corporate elite, 1982–2001. Strategic Organization, 1(3), 301–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Fuentes, C., & Dutrenit, G. (2012). Best channels of academia–industry interaction for long-term benefit. Research Policy, 41(9), 1666–1682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Este, P., & Perkmann, M. (2011). Why do academics engage with industry? The entrepreneurial university and individual motivations. Journal of Technology Transfer, 36(3), 316–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, W., & Safarian, A. E. (2008). The transition from imitation to innovation: An enquiry into China’s evolving institutions and firm capabilities. Journal of Asian Economics, 19, 301–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutrenit, G., & Arza, V. (2010). Channels and benefits of interactions between public research organisations and industry: Comparing four Latin American countries. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 541–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, X., Yang, X. W., & Chen, L. M. (2015). Diversified resources and academic influence: Patterns of university–industry collaboration in Chinese research-oriented universities. Scientometrics, 104(2), 489–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiaz, M. (2013). An empirical study of university–industry R&D collaboration in China: Implications for technology in society. Technology in Society, 35(3), 191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, L., King, C, I. I. I., & Juda, A. I. (2007). Small worlds and regional innovation. Organization Science, 18(6), 938–954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., & Guan, J. (2009). Networks of scientific journals: An exploration of Chinese patent data. Scientometrics, 80(1), 283–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., Guo, X., & Guan, J. (2014). An analysis of the patenting activities and collaboration among industry–university–research institutes in the Chinese ICT sector. Scientometrics, 98(1), 247–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani, E., Morrison, A., Pietrobelli, C., & Rabellotti, R. (2010). Who are the researchers that are collaborating with industry? An analysis of the wine sectors in Chile, South Africa and Italy. Research Policy, 39(6), 748–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glanzel, W., & de Lange, C. (2002). A distributional approach to multinationality measures of international scientific collaboration. Scientometrics, 54(1), 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godin, B., & Gingras, Y. (2000). The place of universities in the system of knowledge production. Research Policy, 29(2), 273–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, J., Zhang, J., & Yan, Y. (2015). The impact of multilevel networks on innovation. Research Policy, 44(3), 545–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, J., & Zhao, Q. (2013). The impact of university–industry collaboration networks on innovation in nanobiopharmaceuticals. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(7), 1271–1286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, R., Sytch, M., & Tatarynowicz, A. (2012). The rise and fall of small worlds: Exploring the dynamics of social structure. Organization Science, 23(2), 449–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeussler, C., & Colyvas, J. A. (2011). Breaking the ivory tower: Academic entrepreneurship in the life sciences in UK and Germany. Research Policy, 40(1), 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, W. (2008). Decline of the center: The decentralizing process of knowledge transfer of Chinese universities from 1985 to 2004. Research Policy, 37(4), 580–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, W., & Su, Y. S. (2013). The effect of institutional proximity in non-local university–industry collaborations: An analysis based on Chinese patent data. Research Policy, 42(2), 454–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, J. T. (2011). The speech in the 100th anniversary of Tsinghua University. China Higher Education, 9, 4–6. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, G., Carley, S., & Tang, L. (2012). Visualizing nanotechnology research in Canada: Evidence from publication activities, 1990–2009. Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(4), 550–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jian, S. (1997). Science and technology in China: The engine of rapid economic development. Technology in Society, 19(3–4), 281–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkers, K. (2011). A functionalist framework to compare research systems applied to an analysis of the transformation of the Chinese research system. Research Policy, 40(9), 1295–1306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kafouros, M., Wang, C., Piperopoulos, P., & Zhang, M. (2015). Academic collaborations and firm innovation performance in China: The role of region-specific institutions. Research Policy, 44(3), 803–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, G. F., & Park, H. W. (2013). The e-government research domain: A triple helix network analysis of collaboration at the regional, country, and institutional levels. Government Information Quarterly, 30(2), 182–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 461–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, P. J., Slak, J. E., & Lyles, M. A. (2001). Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22(10), 1139–1161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, K., Reichstein, T., & Salter, A. (2011). Exploring the effect of geographical proximity and university quality on university–industry collaboration in the United Kingdom. Regional Studies, 45(4), 507–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y. (2000). The sustainability of university–industry research collaboration: An empirical assessment. Journal of Technology Transfer, 25, 111–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. J. (2010). Heterogeneity, brokerage, and innovative performance: Endogenous formation of collaborative inventor networks. Organization Science, 21(4), 804–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, X. P., Zhao, Z. Y., Zhang, X., Chen, D. Z., Huang, M. H., & Zhao, Y. H. (2012). The inventive activities and collaboration pattern of university–industry–government in China based on patent analysis. Scientometrics, 90(1), 231–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L. (2003). The mutual information of university–industry–government relations: An indicator of the Triple Helix dynamics. Scientometrics, 58(2), 445–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, L., Chen, L., Wu, Y., & Yuan, J. (2012). The role of Chinese universities in enterprise–university research collaboration. Scientometrics, 90(1), 253–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. L., & White, S. (2001). Comparing innovation systems: A framework and application to China’s transitional context. Research Policy, 30(7), 1091–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., & Zhi, T. (2010). China is catching up in science and innovation: The experience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Science and Public Policy, 37(5), 331–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, J. A., & Hu, M.-C. (2007). Enhancing the role of universities in building national innovative capacity in Asia: The case of Taiwan. World Development, 35(6), 1005–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey, M., Zaring, O., & Ljungberg, D. (2015). Creating innovative opportunities through research collaboration: An evolutionary framework and empirical illustration in engineering. Technovation, 39–40, 26–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1967). The small world. Psychology Today, 2, 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milojevic, S. (2010). Modes of collaboration in modern science: Beyond power laws and preferential attachment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(7), 1410–1423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mindruta, D. (2013). Value creation in university–firm research collaborations: A matching approach. Strategic Management Journal, 34(6), 644–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motohashi, K., & Yun, X. (2007). China’s innovation system reform and growing industry and science linkages. Research Policy, 36(8), 1251–1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2001). The growth of patenting and licensing by US universities: An assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole act of 1980. Research Policy, 30(1), 99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nerkar, A., & Paruchuri, S. (2005). Evolution of R&D capabilities: The role of knowledge networks within a firm. Management Science, 51(5), 771–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. E. J. (2001). Scientific collaboration networks. II. Shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality. Physical Review E, 64(16132). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.64.016132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco, J., & Ruiz, K. (2010). Quality of interactions between public research organisations and firms: Lessons from Costa Rica. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 527–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otte, E., & Rousseau, R. (2002). Social network analysis: A powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. Journal of Information Science, 28(6), 441–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. W., Hong, H. D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2005). A comparison of the knowledge-based innovation systems in the economies of South Korea and the Netherlands using Triple Helix indicators. Scientometrics, 65(1), 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. W., & Leydesdorff, L. (2010). Longitudinal trends in networks of university–industry–government relations in South Korea: The role of programmatic incentives. Research Policy, 39(5), 640–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., King, Z., & Pavelin, S. (2011). Engaging excellence? Effects of faculty quality on university engagement with industry. Research Policy, 40(4), 539–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2009). The two faces of collaboration: Impacts of university–industry relations on public research. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(6), 1033–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perks, H., Kahn, K., & Zhang, C. (2009). An empirical evaluation of R&D-marketing NPD integration in Chinese firms: The Guanxi effect. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(6), 640–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponds, R., van Oort, F., & Frenken, K. (2010). Innovation, spillovers and university–industry collaboration: An extended knowledge production function approach. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 231–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poo, B. M.-M., & Wang, L. (2014). On CAS pioneer initiative. National Science Review, 1(4), 618–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rentocchini, F., D’Este, P., Manjarres-Henriquez, L., & Grimaldi, R. (2014). The relationship between academic consulting and research performance: Evidence from five Spanish universities. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 32, 70–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N., & Nelson, R. R. (1994). American universities and technical advance in industry. Research Policy, 23(3), 323–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schartinger, D., Rammer, C., Fischer, M. M., & Frohlich, J. (2002). Knowledge interactions between universities and industry in Austria: Sectoral patterns and determinants. Research Policy, 31(3), 303–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, M. A., & Phelps, C. C. (2007). Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Science, 53(7), 1113–1126.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Simeth, M., & Raffo, J. D. (2013). What makes companies pursue an Open Science strategy? Research Policy, 42(9), 1531–1543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, M., & Thieme, R. J. (2006). A cross-national investigation of the R&D-marketing interface in the product innovation process. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(3), 308–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, D., Zhou, D., Liu, C., & Kong, L. (2015). Government-driven university–industry linkages in an emerging country: The case of China. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 6(3), 263–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y., & Cao, C. (2015). Intra- and inter-regional research collaboration across organizational boundaries: Evolving patterns in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 96, 215–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, L., Shapira, P., & Youtie, J. (2015). Is there a clubbing effect underlying Chinese research citation increases? Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(9), 1923–1932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation—implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public-policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W. P. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, K. H. (2009). Collaborative networks and product innovation performance: Toward a contingency perspective. Research Policy, 38(5), 765–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzzi, B., Amaral, L. A. N., & Reed-Tsochas, F. (2007). Small-world networks and management science research: A review. European Management Review, 4(2), 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzzi, B., & Spiro, J. (2005). Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 447–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Looy, B., Debackere, K., & Andries, P. (2003). Policies to stimulate regional innovation capabilities via university–industry collaboration: An analysis and an assessment. R & D Management, 33(2), 209–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, C. S. (2008). The new invisible college. Washington, DC: Brookings Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Huang, J., Chen, Y., Pan, X., & Chen, J. (2013). Have Chinese universities embraced their third mission? New insight from a business perspective. Scientometrics, 97(2), 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature, 393(6684), 440–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, R., Glenna, L., Lacy, W., & Biscotti, D. (2008). Close enough but not too far: Assessing the effects of university–industry research relationships and the rise of academic capitalism. Research Policy, 37(10), 1854–1864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, J., & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: A review of research on open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 814–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wigren-Kristoferson, C., Gabrielsson, J., & Kitagawa, F. (2011). Mind the gap and bridge the gap: Research excellence and diffusion of academic knowledge in Sweden. Science and Public Policy, 38(6), 481–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, L. (1997). A historical perspective of China’s innovation system reform: A case study. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14(1), 67–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, F. Y., Yu, S. S., & Leydesdorff, L. (2013). The triple helix of university–industry–government relations at the country level and its dynamic evolution under the pressures of globalization. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(11), 2317–2325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., Banker, R. D., Li, X., & Liu, W. (2011). Performance impact of research policy at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Research Policy, 40(6), 875–885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Patton, D., & Kenney, M. (2013). Building global-class universities: Assessing the impact of the 985 Project. Research Policy, 42(3), 765–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M. (2006). Conducting R&D in countries with weak intellectual property rights protection. Management Science, 52(8), 1185–1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, S. L., Cacciolatti, L., Lee, S. H., & Song, W. (2015). Regional collaborations and indigenous innovation capabilities in China: A multivariate method for the analysis of regional innovation systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 94, 202–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, C. Y. (2014). Four dimensions to observe a triple helix: Invention of ‘cored model’ and differentiation of institutional and functional spheres. Triple Helix, 1(11), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitt, M., Bassecoulard, E., & Okubo, Y. (2000). Shadows of the past in international cooperation: Collaboration profiles of the top five producers of science. Scientometrics, 47(3), 627–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work described in this paper was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 71103173; 71233003; 71471170), the China Youth Innovation Promotion Association (Project No. 2015131), the National Soft Science Research Program of China (Project No. 2013GXS4B087), the Key Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province in China (Project No. S2013020012767) and the Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research, Ministry of Education of China (Project No. 12JZD042). The authors are very grateful for the insightful comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers and the Editors, which significantly improved this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

    Yi Zhang & Guilong Zhu

  2. Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Kaihua Chen

  3. Department of International Development, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

    Kaihua Chen

  4. Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

    Richard C. M. Yam

  5. School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jiancheng Guan

Authors
  1. Yi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kaihua Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guilong Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard C. M. Yam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jiancheng Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaihua Chen.

Appendix: Definition of search queries for SCI-E papers with at least one CAS address

Appendix: Definition of search queries for SCI-E papers with at least one CAS address

Built on the search strategies of previous research (Fan et al. 2015; Park and Leydesdorff 2010; Ye et al. 2013; Zitt et al. 2000) and “Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)” released by the Center for World-Class Universities at Shanghai Jiao Tong University as well as the valuable advice provided by the reviewers, our search strategiesFootnote 5 in this paper are presented in Table 8. We collect publication information indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) databases during 1978–2015. Meanwhile, we adopt the strategy of data cleaning that has been developed and used by Hu et al. (2012). In this way, we try to retrieve and build a valid dataset on the CAS’s scientific collaborations with industries or/and universities.

Table 8 The search queries for SCI-E papers with at least one CAS address
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Zhu, G. et al. Inter-organizational scientific collaborations and policy effects: an ego-network evolutionary perspective of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Scientometrics 108, 1383–1415 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2022-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2022-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation