Abstract
Fifteen years ago, research started on SQL-Tutor, the first constraint-based tutor. The initial efforts were focused on evaluating Constraint-Based Modeling (CBM), its effectiveness and applicability to various instructional domains. Since then, we extended CBM in a number of ways, and developed many constraint-based tutors. Our tutors teach both well- and ill-defined domains and tasks, and deal with domain- and meta-level skills. We have supported mainly individual learning, but also the acquisition of collaborative skills. Authoring support for constraint-based tutors is now available, as well as mature, well-tested deployment environments. Our current research focuses on building affect-sensitive and motivational tutors. Over the period of fifteen years, CBM has progressed from a theoretical idea to a mature, reliable and effective methodology for developing effective tutors.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aleven, V., Koedinger, K.:Limitations of student control: do students know when they need help? In: Gauthier, G., Frasson, C., VanLehn, K. (eds.) Proceedings of ITS 2000, pp. 292–303 (2000)
Aleven, V., Ogan, A., Popescu, O., Torrey, C., Koedinger, K.: Evaluating the effectiveness of a tutorial dialogue system for self-explanation. In: Lester, J., Vicario, R.M., Paraguacu, F. (eds.) Proceedings of ITS2004, pp. 443–454 (2004)
Amalathas S., Mitrovic A., Saravanan R., Evison D. et al.: Developing an intelligent tutoring system for palm oil in ASPIRE. In: Wong, S.L. (eds) Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 101–103. APSCE, Putrajaya, Malaysia (2010)
Anderson J.R., Boyle C.F., Corbett A.T., Lewis M.W.: Cognitive modeling and intelligent tutoring. Artif. Intell. 42, 7–49 (1990)
Anderson J.R., Corbett A.T., Koedinger K.R., Pelletier R.: Cognitive tutors: lessons learned. Learn. Sci. 4(2), 167–207 (1995)
Angros R., Johnson W.L., Rickel J., Scholer A.: Learning domain knowledge for teaching procedural skills. In: Gini, M., Ishida, T., Castelfranchi, C., Johnson, W.L. (eds) Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems., pp. 1372–1378. ACM, New York (2002)
Arroyo, I., Cooper, D.G., Burleson, W., Woolf, B., Muldner, K., Christopherson, R.: Emotion sensors go to school. In: Dimitrova, V., Mizoguchi, R., du Boulay, B., Graesser, A. (eds.) Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 41–48 (2009)
Baghaei N., Mitrovic A., Irvin W.: Problem-solving support in a constraint-based intelligent tutoring system for UML. Technol. Instr. Cogn. Learn. 4(2), 113–137 (2006)
Baghaei N., Mitrovic A., Irwin W.: Supporting collaborative learning and problem-solving in a constraint-based CSCL environment for UML class diagrams. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn. 2(2–3), 159–190 (2007)
Barros B., Verdejo M.F.: Analysing student interaction processes in order to improve collaboration: the DEGREE approach. Artif. Intell. Educ. 11, 221–241 (2000)
Barrow D., Mitrovic A., Ohlsson S., Grimley M. et al.: Assessing the impact of positive feedback in constraint-based ITSs. In: Woolf, B. (eds) Proceedings of 9th International Conference on ITS 2008, LCNS 5091, pp. 250–259. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2008)
Billingsley, W., Robinson, P.: Towards an intelligent online book for discrete mathematics. In: Proceedings of International Conference Active Media Technology, pp. 291–296 (2005)
Billingsley, W., Robinson, P., Ashdown, M., Hanson, C.: Intelligent tutoring and supervised problem solving in the browser. In: Proceedings of International Conference on WWW/Internet, pp. 806–811 (2004)
Blessing S.B.: Programming by demonstration authoring tool for model-tracing tutors. Artif. Intell. Educ. 8, 233–261 (1997)
Boyer K.E., Phillips R., Wallis M., Vouk M., Lester J.: Balancing cognitive and motivational scaffolding in tutorial dialogues. In: Woolf, B.P., Aïmeur, E., Nkambou, R., Lajoi, S. (eds) Proceedings Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 239–249. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2008)
Brown J.S., Burton R.R.: Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cogn. Sci. 2, 155–192 (1978)
Brusilovsky, P., Schwartz, E., Weber, G.: A tool for developing adaptive electronic textbooks on WWW. In: Proceedings of WebNet-96, AACE, (1996)
Bull, S.: Supporting learning with open learner models. In: Proceedings of 4th Hellenic Conference in Information and Communication Technologies in Education, pp. 47–61 (2004)
Bull, S., Hghiem, T.: Helping learners to understand themselves with a learner model open to students, peers and instructions. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 5–13 (2002)
Cade W.L., Copeland J.L., Person N.K., D’Mello S.: Dialogue modes in expert tutoring. In: Woolf, B.P., Aïmeur, E., Nkambou, R., Lajoie, S. (eds) Proceedings on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 470–479. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY (2008)
Constantino-Gonzalez M.A., Suthers D., Escamilladelos Santos J.: Coaching web-based collaborative learning based on problem solution differences and participation. Artif. Intell. Educ. 13(2–4), 263–299 (2003)
Cook, R., Kay, J.: The Justified User Model. In: Proceedings on UM 1994, pp. 145–150 (1994)
Czarkowski M., Kay J., Potts S.: Scrutability as a core interface element. In: Looi, C.-K., McCalla, G., Bredeweg, B., Breuker, J. (eds) Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 783–785. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2005)
D’Mello S., Graesser A.: Multimodal semi-automated affect detection from conversational cues, gross body language, and facial features. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 20(2), 147–187 (2010)
D’Mello S., Picard R., Graesser A.: Toward an affect-sensitive autotutor. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22, 53–61 (2007)
Desmarais, M., Baker, R.: Learner models’ adapting to student skills and behavioral factors. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 22 (this issue) (2012)
Di Eugenio B., Fossati D., Ohlsson S., Cosejo D.: Towards explaining effective tutorial dialogues. In: Taatgen, N.A., van Rijn, H. (eds) Proceedings of 31th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1430–1435. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX (2009)
Dimitrova V.: StyLE-OLM: interactive open learner modelling. Artif. Intell. Educ. 13(1), 35–78 (2003)
du Boulay B., Avramides K., Luckin R., Martinez-Miron E., Rebolledo-Mendez G., Carr A.: Towards systems that care: a conceptual framework based on motivation, metacognition and affect. Artif. Intell. Educ., 20(3), 197–229 (2010)
Duan D., Mitrovic A., Churcher N. et al.: Evaluating the effectiveness of multiple open student models in EER-tutor. In: Wong, S.L. (eds) Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE 2010, pp. 86–88. APSCE, Putrajaya (2010)
Elmasri R., Navathe S.B.: Fundamentals of Database Systems. Addison-Wesley, Reading (2006)
Forgas J.P.: Affect and cognition. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3, 94–101 (2008)
Galvez, J., Guzman, E., Conejo, R., Millan, E.: Student knowledge diagnosis using item response theory and constraint-based modeling. In: Dimitrova, V., Mizoguchi, R., du Boulay, B., Graesser, A. (eds.) Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 291–298 (2009a)
Galvez J., Guzman E., Conejo R.: A blended e-learning experience in a course of object oriented programming fundamentals. Knowl. Based Syst. 22(4), 279–286 (2009b)
Graesser A.C., VanLehn K., Rose C.P., Jordan P.W., Harter D.: Intelligent tutoring systems with conversational dialogue. AI Mag. 22(4), 39–51 (2001)
Goleman D.: Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books, New York (1995)
Hartley, D., Mitrovic, A.: Supporting learning by opening the student model. In: Cerri, S., Gouarderes, G., Paraguacu, F. (eds.) Proceedings of 6th Internationa Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems ITS 2002. LCNS, vol. 2363, pp. 453–462. Biarritz, France (2002)
Holland J., Mitrovic A., Martin B.: A constraint-based tutor for Java. In: Kong, S.C., Ogata, H., Arnseth, H.C., Chan, C.K.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C., Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L., Yang, S.J.H. (eds) Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE 2009, pp. 142–146. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, Hong Kong (2009)
Holt, P., Dubs, S., Jones, M., Greer, J.: The state of student modeling. In: Student Modeling: The Key to Individualized Knowledge-Based Instruction, pp. 3–39. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1994)
Inaba, A., Mizoguchi, R.: Learners’ roles and predictable educational benefits in collaborative learning; an ontological approach to support design and analysis of CSCL. In: Lester, J., Vicari, R.M., Paraguacu, F. (eds.) Proceedings of ITS 2004, pp. 285–294 (2004)
Jarboe S.: Procedures for enhancing group decision making. In: Hirokawa, B., Poole, M. (eds) Communication and Group Decision Making, pp. 345–383. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA (1996)
Jerman, P., Soller, A., Muhlenbrock, M.: From mirroring to guiding: a review of state of the art technology for supporting collaborative learning. In: Dillenbourg, P., Eurelings, A., Hakkarainen, K. (eds.) European Perspectives on CSCL (CSCL 2001), pp. 324–331 (2001)
Kay, J.: Learner know thyself: student models to give learner control and responsibility. In: Halim, Z., Ottomann, T., Razak, Z. (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 17–24 (1997)
Klein J., Moon Y., Picard R.: This computer responds to user frustration: theory, design, and results. Interact. Comput. 14, 119–140 (2002)
Koedinger K.R., Anderson J.R., Hadley W.H., Mark M.A.: Intelligent tutoring goes to the big city. Artif. Intell. Educ. 8, 30–43 (1997)
Kort B., Reilly R.: An affective module for an intelligent tutoring system. In: Cerri, S.A., Gouardéres, G., Paraguaçu, F. (eds) Proceedings of ITS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2363, pp. 955–962. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Le, N.-T.: A constraint-based assessment approach for free-form design of class diagrams using UML. In: Ashley, K., Pinkwart, N., Lynch, C. (eds.) Proceedings of Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Ill-Defined Domains, 8th International Conference on ITS, pp. 11–19 (2006)
Le N.-T., Menzel W., Pinkwart N.: Evaluation of a constraint-based homework assistance system for logic programming. In: Kong, S.C., Ogata, H., Arnseth, H.C., Chan, C.K.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C., Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L., Yang, S.J.H. (eds) Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 51–58. APSCE, Putrajaya (2009)
Mabbott, A., Bull, S.: Student preferences for editing, persuading and negotiating the open learner model. IN: Proceedings of ITS 2006, pp. 481–490 (2006)
Mabbott A., Bull S. et al.: Comparing student-constructed open learner model presentations to the domain. In: Luckin, R. (eds) Proceedings Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 281–288. IOS Press, Chris (2007)
Major N., Ainsworth S., Wood D.: REDEEM: exploiting symbiosis between psychology and authoring environments. Artif. Intell. Educ. 8(3–4), 317–340 (1997)
Martin B., Mitrovic A.: Domain modeling: art or science?. In: Hoppe, U., Verdejo, F., Kay, J. (eds) Proceeindgs of 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education AIED 2003, pp. 183–190. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2003)
Martin B., Mitrovic A.: The effect of adapting feedback generality in ITSs. In: Wade, V., Ashman, H., Smyth, B (eds) Proceedings of AH 2006. LNCS, vol. 4018., pp. 192–202. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Martin B., Kirkbride T., Mitrovic A., Holland J., Zakharov K.: An intelligent tutoring system for medical imaging. In: Bastiaens, T., Dron, J., Xin, C. (eds) Proceedings of World Conferences E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, pp. 502–509. AACE, Vancouver, CA (2009)
Mathews, M., Mitrovic, A.: Investigating the effectiveness of problem templates on learning in ITSs. In: Luckin, R., Koedinger, K., Greer, J. (eds.) Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 611–613 (2007)
Mathews M., Mitrovic A.: Does framing a problem-solving scenario influence learning?. In: Kong, S.C., Ogata, H., Arnseth, H.C., Chan, C.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C., Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L., Yang, S.J.H (eds) Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE 2009, pp. 27–34. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, Hong Kong (2009)
Matsuda N., Cohen W., Sewall J., Lacerda G., Koedinger K.: Evaluating a simulated student using real students data for training and testing. In: Conati, C., McCoy, K., Paliouras, G. (eds) User Modelling 2007, pp. 61–70. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Mayo M., Mitrovic A.: Using a probabilistic student model to control problem difficulty. In: Gauthier, G., Frasson, C., VanLehn, K. (eds) Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 524–533. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Mayo M., Mitrovic A.: Optimising ITS behaviour with bayesian networks and decision theory. Artif. Intell. Educ. 12(2), 124–153 (2001)
McManus M., Aiken R.: Monitoring computer-based problem solving. Artif. Intell. Educ. 6(4), 307–336 (1995)
Menzel W.: Constraint-based modeling and ambiguity. Artif. Intell. Educ. 16(1), 29–63 (2006)
Milik N., Marshall M., Mitrovic A.: Teaching logical database design. In: Ikeda, M., Ashley, K., Chan, T.-W. (eds) Proceedings of ITS 2006 ERM-Tutor. LNCS, vol. 4053, pp. 707–709. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Mills, C., Dalgarno, B.: A conceptual model for game-based intelligent tutoring systems. In ICT: providing choices for learners and learning. In: Proceedings of ASCILITE, pp. 692–701. Singapore (2007)
Millis, B., Evens, M., Freedman, R.: Implementing directed lines of reasoning in an intelligent tutoring system using the atlas planning environment. In: International Conference on Information Technology, pp. 729–733 (2004)
Mitrovic, A.: Learning SQL with a computerized tutor. In: 29th ACM SIGCSE technical symposium, pp. 307–311 (1998a)
Mitrovic A.: A knowledge-based teaching system for SQL. In: Ottmann, T., Tomek, I. (eds) Proceedings of ED-MEDIA’98, pp. 1027–1032. AACE, Vancouver, CA (1998b)
Mitrovic, A.: Experiences in implementing constraint-based modeling in SQL-Tutor. In: Goettl, B., Halff, H., Redfield, C., Shute, V. (eds.), Proceedings of ITS’98, pp. 414–423 (1998c)
Mitrovic A.: An intelligent SQL tutor on the web. Artif. Intell. Educ. 13(2), 173–197 (2003)
Mitrovic, A.: The effect of explaining on learning: a case study with a data normalization tutor. In: Looi, C.-K., McCalla, G., Bredeweg, B., Breuker, J. (eds.) Proceedings of Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 499–506 (2005)
Mitrovic A., Martin B.: Evaluating adaptive problem selection. In: De Bra, P., Nejdl, W. (eds) Proceedings of Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems. LNCS, vol. 3137, pp. 185–194. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2004)
Mitrovic A., Martin B.: Evaluating the effect of open student models on self-assessment. Artif. Intell. Educ. 17(2), 121–144 (2007)
Mitrovic A., Ohlsson S.: Evaluation of a constraint-based tutor for a database language. Artif. Intell. Educ. 10(3–4), 238–256 (1999)
Mitrovic, A., Weerasinghe, A.: Revisiting the ill-definedness and consequences for ITSs. In: Dimitrova, V., Mizoguchi, R., du Boulay, B., Graesser, A. (eds) Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 375–382 (2009)
Mitrovic A., Koedinger K., Martin B.: A comparative analysis of cognitive tutoring and constraint-based modeling. In: Brusilovsky, P., Corbett, A., de Rosis, F. (eds) Proceedings of Conference on User Modeling, LNAI 2702 , pp. 313–322. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2003)
Mitrovic A., Suraweera P., Martin B., Weerasinghe A.: DB-suite: experiences with three intelligent, web-based database tutors. J. Interact. Learn. Res. 15(4), 409–432 (2004)
Mitrovic, A., Suraweera, P., Martin, B., Zakharov, K., Milik, N., Holland, J.: Authoring constraint-based tutors in ASPIRE. In: Ikeda, M., Ashley, K., Chan, T.-W. (eds.) Proceedings of ITS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4053, pp. 41–50 (2006)
Mitrovic A., Martin B., Suraweera P.: Intelligent tutors for all: constraint-based modeling methodology, systems and authoring. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22(4), 38–45 (2007)
Mitrovic, A., McGuigan, N., Martin, B., Suraweera, P., Milik, N., Holland, J.: Authoring constraint-based systems in ASPIRE: a case study of a capital investment tutor. In: Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2008, pp. 4607–4616 (2008)
Mitrovic A., Martin B., Suraweera P., Zakharov K., Milik N., Holland J., McGuigan N.: ASPIRE: an authoring system and deployment environment for constraint-based tutors. Artif. Intell. Educ. 19(2), 155–188 (2009)
Mitrovic, A., Williamson, C., Bebbington, A., Mathews, M., Suraweera, P., Martin, B., Thomson, D., Holland, J.: An Intelligent Tutoring System for Thermodynamics. EDUCON 2011 Amman, Jordan, pp. 378–385 (2011)
Muldner K., Burleson W., VanLehn K.: Yes!: using tutor and sensor data to predict moments of delight during instructional activities. In: DeBra, P., Kobsa, A., Chin, D. (eds) User modeling, adaptation and personalization. LCNS, vol. 6075, pp. 170–195. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Murray T.: Expanding the knowledge acquisition bottleneck for intelligent tutoring systems. Artif. Intell. Educ. 8(3), 222–232 (1997)
Murray T.: Authoring intelligent tutoring systems: an analysis of the state of the art. Artif. Intell. Educ. 10(1), 98–129 (1999)
Murray T.: An overview of intelligent tutoring system authoring tools: updated analysis of the state of the art. In: Murray, T., Blessing, S., Ainsworth, S. (eds) Authoring tools for advanced technology learning environments, pp. 491–545. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA (2003)
Ogata, H., Matsuura, K., Yano, Y.: Active knowledge awareness map: visualizing learners activities in a web based CSCL environment. In: Procedings of International Workshop on New Technologies in Collaborative Learning, pp. 89–97 (2000)
Oh Y., Gross M.D., Ishizaki S., Do Y.-L.: Constraint-based design critic for flat-pack furniture design. In: Kong, S.C., Ogata, H., Arnseth, H.C., Chan, C.K.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C., Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L., Yang, S.J.H. (eds) Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 19–26. APSCE, Chris (2009)
Ohlsson S.: Constraint-based student modeling. Artif. Intell. Educ. 3(4), 429–447 (1992)
Ohlsson S.: Learning from performance errors. Psychol. Rev. 103, 241–262 (1996)
Ohlsson S., Bee N.: Strategy variability: a challenge to models of procedural learning. In: Birnbaum, L. (eds) Proceedings of International Confernce of the Learning Sciences, pp. 351–356. AACE, Vancouver, CA (1991)
Ohlsson S., Mitrovic A.: Fidelity and efficiency of knowledge representations for intelligent tutoring systems. Technol. Instr. Cogn. Learn. 5(2), 101–132 (2007)
Ohlsson S., Di Eugenio B., Chow B., Fossati D., Lu X., Kershaw T.: Beyond the code-and-count analysis of tutoring dialogues. In: Luckin, R., Koedinger, K., Greer, J. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts that Work, pp. 349–356. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2007)
Perez-Martin, D., Alfonseca, E., Rodriguez, P., Pascual-Nieto, I.: Automatic generation of students conceptual models from answers in plain text. In: Procedings of UM 2007, pp. 329–333. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2007)
Petry, P.G., Rosatelli, M.: AlgoLC: a learning companion system for teaching and learning algorithms. In: Ikeda, M., Ashley, K., Chan, T.-W. (eds.) Proceedings of ITS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4053, pp. 775–777 (2006)
Picard R.W.: Affective Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)
Picard R.W.: Toward computers that recognize and respond to user emotion. IBM Syst. J. 39(3–4), 705–719 (2010)
Riccucci, S., Carbonaro, A., Casadei, G.: An architecture for knowledge management in intelligent tutoring systems. In: Proceedings of IADIS International Congress on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, pp. 473–476 (2005)
Roll I., Aleven V., Koedinger K.: The invention lab: using a hybrid of model tracing and constraint-based modeling to offer intelligent support in inquiry environments. In: Aleven, V., Kay, J., Mostow, J. (eds) ITS 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6094, pp. 115–124. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010)
Rosatelli, M., Self, J., Thirty, M.: LeCS: a collaborative case study system. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 242–251 (2000)
Rosatelli M., Self J.: A collaborative case study system for distance learning. Artif. Intell. Educ. 14(1), 1–29 (2004)
Siddappa, M., Manjunath A.S.: Intelligent tutor generator for intelligent tutoring systems. In: Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, pp. 578–583 (2008)
Shute, V.J.: DNA—Uncorking the bottleneck in knowledge elicitation and organization. In: Proceedings of ITS-98, pp. 146–155 (1998)
Sleeman D., Kelly A.E., Martinak R., Ward R.D., Moore J.L.: Studies of diagnosis and remediation with high school algebra students. Cogn. Sci. 13, 551–568 (1989)
Soller A.: Supporting social interaction in an intelligent collaborative learning system. Artif. Intell. Educ. 12, 40–62 (2001)
Soller, A., Lesgold, A.: Knowledge acquisition for adaptive collaborative learning environments. In: Proceedings of AAAI Fall Symposium: Learning How to Do Things, Cape Cod, MA (2000)
Spohrer J.C., Soloway E., Pope E.: A goal/plan analysis of buggy pascal programs. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 1, 163–205 (1985)
Suraweera, P., Mitrovic, A.: KERMIT: a constraint-based tutor for database modelling. In: Cerri, S.A., Gouarderes, G., Paraguacu, F. (eds.) Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 376–387 (2002)
Suraweera P., Mitrovic A.: An intelligent tutoring system for entity relationship modelling. Artif. Intell. Educ. 14(3–4), 375–417 (2004)
Suraweera P., Mitrovic A., Martin B.: The role of domain ontology in knowledge acquisition for ITSs. In: Lester, J., Vicari, R.M., Paraguacu, F. (eds) Proceedings of 7th Interenational Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems ITS 2004. LNCS, vol. 3220, pp. 207–216. Springer-Verlag, Maceio (2004)
Suraweera P., Mitrovic A., Martin B.: A knowledge acquisition system for constraint-based intelligent tutoring systems. In: Looi, C.-K., McCalla, G., Bredeweg, B., Breuker, J. (eds) Proceedings Artificial Intelligence in Education AIED 2005, pp. 638–645. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2005)
Suraweera, P., Mitrovic, A., Martin, B.: Constraint authoring system: an empirical evaluation. In: Luckin, R., Koedinger, K., Greer, J. (eds.) Proceedings 13th International Conference Artificial Intelligence in Education AIED 2007, Los Angeles, pp. 451–458 (2007)
Suraweera P., Mitrovic A., Martin B.: Widening the knowledge acquisition bottleneck for constraint-based tutors. Artif. Intell. Educ. 20(2), 137–173 (2010)
Tecuci G.: Building Intelligent Agents: An Apprenticeship Multistrategy Learning Theory, Methodology, Tool and Case Studies. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1998)
Thomson D., Mitrovic A.: Preliminary evaluation of a negotiable student model in a constraint-based ITS. Res. Prac. Technol. Enhanc. Learn. 5(1), 19–33 (2010)
VanLehn K.: The behaviour of tutoring systems. Artif. Intell. Educ. 16(3), 227–265 (2006)
VanLehn K., Lynch C., Schulze K., Shapiro J.A., Shelby R., Taylor L., Treacy D., Weinstein A., Wintersgill M.: The andes physics tutoring system: lessons learned. Artif. Intell. Educ. 15, 147–204 (2005)
Wang, T., Mitrovic, A.: Using neural networks to predict students’ behaviour. In: Kinshuk, Lewis, R., Akahori, K., Kemp, R., Okamoto, T., Henderson, L., Lee, C.-H. (eds.) Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 969–973 (2002)
Webb N.M., Troper J.D., Fall R.: Constructive activity and learning in collaborative small groups. J. Educ. Psychol. 87, 406–423 (1995)
Weerasinghe A., Mitrovic A.: Facilitating deep learning through self-explanation in an open-ended domain. Int. J. Knowl.-Based Intell. Eng. Syst. 10(1), 3–19 (2006)
Weerasinghe, A., Mitrovic, A., Martin, B.: A preliminary study of a general model for supporting tutorial dialogues. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 125–132 (2008)
Weerasinghe A., Mitrovic A., Martin B.: Towards individualized dialogue support for ill-defined domains. Artif. Intell. Educ. 19(4), 357–379 (2009)
Weerasinghe A., Mitrovic A. et al.: Evaluating the effectiveness of adaptive tutorial dialogues in database design. In: Wong, S.L. (eds) Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 33–40. APSCE, Malaysia (2010)
Woo C.W., Evens M., Freedman R., Glass M., Shim L.S., Zhang Y., Zhou Y., Michael J.: An intelligent tutoring system that generates a natural language dialogue using dynamic multi-level planning. Artif. Intell. Med. 38(1), 25–46 (2005)
Woolf, B.P.: Building intelligent interactive tutors: student-centered strategies for revolutionizing E-learning. Morgan Kaufmann, Massachusetts (2009)
Zakharov K., Mitrovic A., Ohlsson S.: Feedback micro-engineering in EER-tutor. In: Looi, C.-K., McCalla, G., Bredeweg, B., Breuker, J. (eds) Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 718–725. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2005)
Zakharov, K., Mitrovic, A., Johnston, L.: Pedagogical agents trying on a caring mentor role. In: Luckin, R., Koedinger, K., Greer, J. (eds.) Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education AIED 2007, Los Angeles, pp. 59–66 (2007)
Zakharov K., Mitrovic A., Johnston L. et al.: Towards emotionally-intelligent pedagogical agents. In: Woolf, B. (eds) Proceedings of 9th International Conference on ITS 2008. LCNS, vol. 5091, pp. 19–28. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mitrovic, A. Fifteen years of constraint-based tutors: what we have achieved and where we are going. User Model User-Adap Inter 22, 39–72 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-011-9105-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-011-9105-9