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Social Capital, Volunteering, and Charitable Giving

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Abstract

This paper explores the impact of social capital—measured by social trust and social networks—on individual charitable giving to religious and secular organizations. Using United States data from the national sample of the 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, we find that social trust, bridging social network, and civic engagement increase the amount of giving to both religious and secular causes. In contrast, organizational activism only affects secular giving. Volunteering activity, and human and financial capital indicators positively affect both religious and secular giving. Finally, those who are happy about their lives and those who are religious give more to religious causes, but these factors do not affect secular giving. We find evidence of important differences in the determinants of religious and secular giving, suggesting the need to distinguish these two types of charitable giving in future work.

Résumé

Cet article examine l'impact du capital social - évalué en fonction du trust social et des réseaux sociaux - sur l’octroi charitable de personnes offrant leur soutien aux organisations religieuses et laïques. En utilisant les données disponibles aux États-Unis sur le sondage national, résultant de l'enquête de banc d’essai de la communauté du capital social, nous constatons que le trust social, les réseaux sociaux, et l’engagement civique accroît le montant des dons aux causes religieuses et laïques. Par opposition, l’activisme organisationnel ne profite qu’aux dons laïques. L’activité du volontariat et les indicateurs du capital humain et financier affectent positivement à la fois les dons religieux et laïques. En fin de compte, tous ceux et toutes celles qui sont heureux dans leur vie et tous ceux et toutes celles qui sont religieux offrent davantage au causes religieuses, mais ces facteurs n’affectent pas les dons aux causes laïques. Nous avons la preuve de différences importantes qui déterminent les dons religieux et laïques, ce qui permet de suggérer le besoin de distinguer deux types de contributions dans recherche à l’avenir.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkung von sozialem Kapital - gemessen an sozialem Vertrauen und sozialen Netzwerken - auf die individuelle Bereitschaft zu wohltätigen Spenden an religiöse und nicht kirchliche Organisationen. Unter Bezugnahme auf U.S.-amerikanische Daten aus der landesweiten Stichprobe im Rahmen einer in 2000 von Bürgerstiftungen durchgeführten Umfrage zum Sozialkapital (2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey) stellen wir fest, dass soziales Vertrauen, die Überbrückung des sozialen Netzwerks und Bürgerengagement die Spendenbereitschaft für religiöse und nicht kirchliche Zwecke erhöhen. Dagegen wirkt sich organisatorisches Engagement lediglich auf nicht kirchliche Spendenbereitschaft aus. Ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten sowie Human- und Finanzkapitalindikatoren wirken sich sowohl auf religiöse als auch nicht kirchliche Spenden positiv aus. Und letztlich spenden glückliche und religiöse Menschen mehr für religiöse Zwecke, während diese Faktoren bei Spenden für nicht kirchliche Zwecke keine Rolle spielen. Wir sehen Anhaltspunkte für wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen den Bestimmungsaktoren religiöse und nicht kirchliche Spenden, was auf eine notwendige Unterscheidung dieser beiden Spendenarten bei zukünftigen Untersuchungen hinweist.

Resumen

Este trabajo analiza la influencia del capital social, ―medido por trusts y redes sociales― en las donaciones de caridad que hacen las personas a organizaciones religiosas y seculares. Utilizando datos sobre Estados Unidos tomados de una muestra nacional de la encuesta de referencia comunitaria de capital social 2000 (Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey), hemos descubierto que el trust social, la red social y el compromiso cívico incrementan la cantidad de donaciones a obras tanto religiosas como seculares. En contraste, el activismo de las organizaciones solo afecta a las donaciones seculares. Las actividades de voluntariado y los indicadores humanos y de capital social tienen un efecto positivo tanto en las donaciones religiosas como seculares. Por último, aquellos que están contentos con sus vidas y las personas creyentes dan más a las causas religiosas, factores éstos que no afectan a las donaciones seculares. Hemos hallado pruebas de la existencia de importantes diferencias en los factores que determinan las donaciones seculares, lo que apunta a la necesidad de distinguir entre estos dos tipos de donaciones para futuros trabajos.

摘要

篇报告研究了社会资本——由社会信任度和社会网络衡量——对于向宗教和非宗教机构进行个人慈善捐赠的影响。利用来自于2000年全美“社区社会资本基准”调查案例的数据,我们发现社会信任度,建立社会网络和公民责任感能促进对宗教和非宗教事业的捐赠。相比之下,组织积极行动只能影响非宗教捐赠。志愿行为,及人类和财政资本指数对宗教和非宗教捐献有着积极影响。最后,那些生活快乐和信仰宗教的人们向宗教事业捐赠更多,但这些因素不影响非宗教捐赠。我们发现了宗教和非宗教捐赠取决因素的差异,这表明在未来的研究中需要区分这两种慈善捐赠。

ملخص

هذا البحث يستكشف تأثير رأس المال الإجتماعي – تم قياسه بالثقه الإجتماعيه و الشبكات الإجتماعيه – من شخص خيري يعطي لمنظمات دينيه وعلمانيه . بإستخدام معلومات الولايات المتحده الأمريكيه من عينه قوميه لدراسه نموذجيه لعام 2000 للرأس المال الإجتماعي للمجتمع٬ وجدنا أن الثقه الإجتماعيه ٬ ربط الشبكه الإجتماعيه ٬ المشاركه المدنيه يزيد كميه العطاء لأسباب دينيه و علمانيه . على النقيض ٬ الفعاليه التنظيميه تؤثر فقط على المنحه العلمانيه . النشاط التطوعي٬ و مؤشرات الرأس المال البشري و المالي تؤثر إيجابيا? في العطاء الديني و العلماني . أخيرا? ٬ أولئك الذين هم سعداء في حياتهم و الذين هم متدينون يعطون أكثر لأسباب دينيه ٬ هذه العوامل لا تؤثر على العطاء العلماني . و نجد أدله على الإختلافات الهامه في محددات العطاء الديني و العلماني ٬ مما يشير إلى الحاجه للتمييز بين هذين النوعين من العطاء الخيري في العمل المقبل .

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Notes

  1. Since we are concerned here with the absolute capacity to give, we consider the relationship between charitable giving and the level of income. There are data that suggest that those with lower levels of income may give a higher percentage of their income than those with higher levels, so we are not suggesting that the poor are less generous—only that they have less capacity.

  2. Additional details on the survey are available at http://www.cfsv.org/communitysurvey.

  3. There are numerous ways to measure religiosity (Hill and Hood 1999). A commonly used indicator is how often people attend religious services, and attendance is likely to be associated with more religious giving as some religious organizations solicit donations during the religious services. Attendance is not, however, likely to be as useful a measure for the connection between religious belief and secular giving. We want to explore whether a general religious belief influences charitable behavior overall (the belief–behavior relationship). Thus, we use the importance religious belief has in one’s life as the measurement of religiosity.

  4. These results, however, should not be interpreted as minorities are less generous. Studies show that minorities often give informally to their extended family (in the United States and in their country of origin), neighbors, friends, and fellow migrants from the same region (Smith et al. 1999). Moreover, they usually describe their philanthropic activities as “sharing” and helping” rather than “giving” or “volunteering.” Therefore, national surveys tend to underestimate the giving of minority groups.

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Correspondence to Lili Wang.

Appendix

Appendix

The Definition and Measurement of Social Capital Indices and Volunteering.

No.

Variable

Definition

Measurement

1

Social trust

General interpersonal trust; trust of neighbors, co-workers, fellow congregants, store employees where you shop, local police

Calculated as the mean of the standardized responses to the 6 questions; at least 3 answers had to be provided for a score to be calculated

2

Bridging social network

How many different kinds of personal friends the respondent has from 11 possible types: owns their own business, manual worker, been on welfare, has a vacation home, very religious, white, Latino, Asian, black, gay/lesbian, community leader

Count of how many different kinds of personal friends the respondent has

3

Informal Social Network

How many times in the past 12 months have you played cards or games with others, visited relatives or had them visit you, had friends over to your home, socialized with coworkers outside of work, or hung out with friends in public places?

Calculated as the mean of the standardized responses to the 5 questions, based on national survey norms. At least 2 answers had to be provided for a score to be calculated

4

Civic engagement

Involvement in any of the following 18 groups: any religious org., sports club, youth organization, PTA, veteran’s group, neighborhood org., senior citizens’ club, charity org., labor union, professional association, fraternal org., civil rights org., political action group, arts group, hobby club, self-help program for specific illnesses, group meeting over the Internet, other kinds of clubs

Count of different groups in which the respondent is involved

5

Organized group activism

How many times have you attended community events, club meetings, public meetings that discuss town or school affairs, in the past 12 months?

Calculated as the mean of the standardized scores of the 3 questions, based on national norms

6

Times volunteered 

How many times in the past 12 months have you volunteered?

The range is from 1 to 9

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Wang, L., Graddy, E. Social Capital, Volunteering, and Charitable Giving. Voluntas 19, 23–42 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9055-y

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