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Social Movements and Rights Claims: The Case of Action Groups in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

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Abstract

This article examines how the various claims to, and demands for, rights have enabled and shaped the various equity and justice seeking social movements that have emerged in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, the key point being that claims to rights are fundamental of the logic and coherence of social movements. The article is divided into three sections. The first sets the conceptual and analytical frame by elaborating on the rights–social movements nexus. This is followed by a discussion of the historical and conceptual location of the Niger Delta. The rest of the article interrogates the contexts of relative deprivation, rights denial, and injustice within which social movements have emerged in the Niger Delta. A major objective is to account for why the social movements have been largely ethnic and most recently generational and to analyze the dynamics and outcomes of the rights struggles waged by the various social movements.

Résumé

Cet article examine comment les revendications et les exigences, ont permis et modelé les mouvements sociaux recherchant l’équité et la justice qui ont apparu dans le Delta du Niger au Nigeria, le point clé étant que la revendication des droits sont fondamentaux de la logique et de la cohérence des mouvements sociaux. Cet article se divise dans trois sections. La première section indique l'encadrement conceptuel et analytique en donnant des détails sur les connexions de mouvements sociaux des droits. La seconde section est suivie par une discussion de l'emplacement historique et conceptuel du delta du Niger. La troisième et dernière section de l’article interroge les contextes de privation relative, le démenti de droits et l'injustice dans laquelle des mouvements sociaux ont apparu dans le Delta du Niger. Un objectif majeur est de représenter pourquoi les mouvements sociaux ont été en grande partie ethniques et le plus récemment générationnelle et d’analyser la dynamique et les résultats des luttes de droits salariées par les divers mouvements sociaux.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie die diversen Ansprüche und Forderungen nach Rechten die im Nigerdelta in Nigeria hervortretenden verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen für Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit mobilisiert und geformt haben. Der Hauptpunkt ist hierbei, dass die Rechtsansprüche für die Logik und den Zusammenhalt gesellschaftlicher Bewegungen grundlegend sind. Der Beitrag ist in drei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der erste Abschnitt bestimmt durch Ausführungen über die Verknüpfung zwischen Rechten und gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen das konzeptionelle und analytische Rahmenwerk. Im Anschluss daran folgt eine Diskussion über die historische und konzeptionelle Lage des Nigerdeltas. Der letzte Teil hinterfragt die Zusammenhänge hinisichtlich relativer Deprivation, der Verwehrung von Rechten und Ungerechtigkeit, aus denen die gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen im Nigerdelta entstanden sind. Wesentliche Ziele des Beitrags sind die Begründung, warum die gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen größtenteils ethnisch und seit kurzem generationsabhängig sind sowie die Analyse der Dynamik und Folgen der Rechtskämpfe der diversen gesellschaftlichen Bewegungen.

Resumen

Este trabajo estudia cómo las distintas reclamaciones y demandas de derechos han propiciado y formado los diversos movimientos que han emergido en el delta del río Níger en Nigeria cuyo objetivo es luchar por la equidad y la justicia. El principal argumento es que la reclamación de derechos es una parte fundamental de la lógica y la coherencia de los movimientos sociales. El trabajo está dividido en tres secciones: la primera establece el marco conceptual y analítico y ahonda en las relaciones de los movimientos sociales y la defensa de los derechos. A continuación, se analiza la situación histórica y conceptual del delta del Níger. En el resto del trabajo se cuestionan los contextos de la privación relativa, la negación de los derechos y las injusticias que han propiciado la aparición de los movimientos sociales en el delta del Níger. Uno de los principales objetivos es justificar por qué los movimientos sociales han tenido principalmente un originen étnico y, más recientemente, generacional y analizar la dinámica y los resultados de las luchas que libran los distintos movimientos sociales en pos de los derechos.

摘要

各种权利诉求和权利要求是如何对尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲盆地最近出现的?寻求社会运动的各种平等和正义事业起到推动和构建作用?本问对此作了探讨,并且我们提出了一个主要观点,即对权利的诉求是构成社会运动背后的逻辑和连贯性的基石?本文分为三个部分,第一部分通过详尽阐述权利和社会运动的主次关系设定了概念和分析框架?第二部分讨论了尼日尔三角洲盆地的历史和概念位置?最后部分剖析了尼日尔三角洲盆地最近出现的社会运动所处的背景:即相对剥夺?权利否定和不公平的社会现状?本文的主要目标,一是解疑为什么社会运动一直表现出很强的民族性并在最近表现出世代性,二是分析各种社会运动引导的争取权利的斗争有哪些内在能量并产生了什么样的结果?

ملخص

هذا البحث يفحص كيفيه أن الدعاوي المختلفه ٬ و المطالبات بالحقوق قد مكنت و شكلت مجموعه من المبادئ و الحركات الإجتماعيه التي تبحث عن العداله التي ظهرت في دلتا النيجر في نيجيريا ٬ النقطه الأساسيه أن المطالبات بالحقوق تعتبر أساس منطق وتماسك الحركات الإجتماعيه . ينقسم البحث إلى ثلاثه أجزاء .الأول يحدد الإطار التصوري و التحليلي الذي يذكر بالتفصيل سلسله متصله من الحقوق – الحركات الإجتماعيه . يعقب هذا مناقشه للموقع التصوري و التاريخي لدلتا النيجر . بقيه البحث يستجوب سياقات الحرمان النسبي ٬ إنكار الحقوق ٬ الظلم الذي في نطاقه ظهرت الحركات الإجتماعيه في دلتا النيجر. الهدف الرئيسي هو تعليل لماذا الحركه الإجتماعيه إلى حد كبير عِرقيه وفي الآونة الأخيره تتزايد . تحليل ديناميكيات و نتائج الكفاح للحقوق الذي يشنه حركات إجتماعيه مختلفه

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Notes

  1. One indicator of the renewed emphasis on human rights in the post-Cold War era is the replacement of the United Nations Commission for Human Rights by the Human Rights Council in June 2006. The new Council is designed to bring new opportunities for advancing justice and acceptance of human rights norms and standards on a global scale. The council is tasked by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) to undertake a Universal Periodic Review of the fulfillment of human rights obligations and commitments of all UN member states.

  2. In relation to non-discrimination, for instance, it has been pointed out that “the principle of non-discrimination itself contains a group reference. Even the assertion that no one must be disadvantaged on account of his/her social identity draws attention to collective community identities and group membership” (Mahajan 1998, p. 156).

  3. Ibeanu (2000, p. 4) describes the Niger Delta as “an easily disequilibrated environment” that, amongst others, suffers from “a serious scarcity of arable land and fresh water.”

  4. Some corroboration of the alleged discrimination is found in the accounts of a German explorer who visited the Niger Delta in the 1880s and found amongst others, that Kru men from Accra had preferential employment and were paid higher salaries than the indigenes in Brass and Akassa (Staudinger 1990).

  5. Also Movement for the Survival of the Izon (Ijaw) Ethnic Nationality in the Niger Delta, MOSIEND, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, MEND.

  6. A frontline NGO in the Niger Delta, Environmental Rights Action (ERA), raised an alarm in April 2005 on the high levels of carcinogens in the region and the attendant high risks of skin, lung, breast, and abdominal cancer. ERA referred to findings by the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos and reported in the Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Medicine (2004), which showed that the toxic materials discharged by oil companies into the Niger Delta waters were the main sources of the carcinogens. See news item, “ERA urges government to declare Niger Delta a disaster zone,” The Vanguard (Lagos, Nigeria), April 20, 2005.

  7. As documented by Ikelegbe (2001b, pp. 441–442), major alliances that were formed in the 1990s included the following: Conference of Traditional Rulers of Oil Producing States, Organization for the Restoration of Actual Rights of Oil Communities, Concerned Youths of Oil Producing States, National Association of Oil Mineral Producing Communities, Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Nigeria, Niger Delta Peoples Movement for Self-Determination and Environmental Protection, Movement for the Protection and Survival of Oil, Mineral and Natural Gas Producing Communities of Nigeria, Association of Minority Oil States, the Delta Oil Producing Communities Association, Nigerian Society for the Protection of the Environment, Niger Delta Peace Project Committee, Niger Delta Peace and Development Forum, Pan-Niger Delta Revolutionary Militia, and Committee on Vital Environmental Resources. Others are the CHICOCO Movement, Niger Delta Women for Justice, Niger Delta Professionals, and Union of Niger Delta. Since 1999, associations like the South-South Forum, South-South People’s Conference, and South-South People’s Assembly, which entail much looser and strategic conceptions of the Niger Delta and are mostly initiatives of state governments, political parties, and politicians, have also emerged.

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Osaghae, E.E. Social Movements and Rights Claims: The Case of Action Groups in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Voluntas 19, 189–210 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9061-0

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