Abstract
The article describes the recent evolution of the Italian third sector, focusing particularly on its changing role in relation to welfare policies and on its contribution to the development of the provision of social services. In contrast with those considering the emergence and development of the sector solely, or mainly, as a consequence of decisions made by external actors, especially public institutions, the article shows a more complex and dynamic picture. The article demonstrates that the Italian third sector, although at the present time largely engaged in contractual services with the public sector, has maintained a level of autonomy that allows for continuous innovation both within and external to the social service sector. The Italian case supports the need for further debate on the role of the third sector in modern society.
Résumé
Cet article décrit l’évolution récente du tiers-secteur en Italie et souligne les changements intervenus dans la structuration de l’aide sociale ainsi que la dynamique d’institutionnalisation et d’innovation en cours. Ces changements ont entraîné le recul progressif du système de « marché protégé » caractéristique de la dernière décennie. Ce processus a amené à une intégration plus importante du tiers-secteur dans la sphère d’influence des pouvoirs publics. Pour autant, et de façon simultanée, une nouvelle génération d’organisations du tiers-secteur émerge clairement, expérimentant des modèles innovants de services et d’organisation du travail hors des limites traditionnelles de l’état providence. Les données empiriques démontrent la partialité des schémas analytiques, qui considèrent que le tiers-secteur est un acteur mineur de la dynamique d’action sociale, et soulignent la nécessité de moderniser le modèle conceptuel dominant.
Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel beschreibt die kürzliche Entwicklung des Dritten Sektors in Italien und unterstreicht dabei die Änderungen im Welfare Mix und der anhaltenden Dynamik der Institutionalisierung und Innovation. Infolge dieser Änderungen wurde das für das letzte Jahrzehnt typische System des „geschützten Marktes” schrittweise ersetzt. Dieser Prozess führte dazu, dass der Dritte Sektor enger in den Einflussbereich der öffentlichen Hand integriert wurde. Gleichzeitig jedoch ist auch die Entstehung einer neuen Generation von Dritter-Sektor-Organisationen ersichtlich, die mit innovativen Modellen zur Leistungsbereitstellung und Arbeitsorganisation außerhalb der traditionellen Grenzen des Sozialstaates experimentieren. Das empirische Beweismaterial veranschaulicht die Voreingenommenheit der analytischen Schemata, die den Dritten Sektor als einen übrig gebliebenen Akteur in der Dynamik der Bereitstellung von Sozialleistungen betrachten, und sie betonen das Bedürfnis zur Modernisierung des dominanten konzeptionellen Apparats.
Resumen
Este artículo describe la reciente evolución del sector terciario en Italia, resaltando los cambios en la mezcla del bienestar y la dinámica continuada de institucionalización e innovación. El resultado de estos cambios ha sido una sustitución progresiva del sistema de « mercado protegido » característico de la última década. Este proceso ha provocado una mayor integración del sector terciario en la esfera de influencia de las autoridades públicas. No obstante, se hace evidente, al mismo tiempo, la aparición de una nueva generación de organizaciones del sector terciario que experimentan modelos innovadores de prestación de servicios y organización laboral, fuera de los límites tradicionales del estado del bienestar. Las pruebas empíricas demuestran la parcialidad de los esquemas analíticos que consideran al sector terciario como un actor residual en la dinámica del bienestar, y resaltan la necesidad de modernizar el aparato conceptual dominante.
摘要
本文介绍了意大利第三部门的最新发展,强调了社会福利结构的变化以及制度化和创新的发展动态。这些变化的结果是,过去十年特有的”受保护的市场”制度在逐步被取代。这一过程导致第三部门与公共当局势力范围更紧密地融合。但同时,出现了新一代的第三部门组织,它们试验提供服务的组织超出福利国家传统界限的创新模式。经验证据表明,认为第三部门在提供社会福利方面作用甚微的分析方案有失偏颇,而且这些方案强调了主导概念仪器亟待现代化的需要。
ملخص
يصف المقال التطور الأخير في القطاع الثالث في إيطاليا، يسلط الضوء على التغيرات في مزيج الشؤون الإجتماعية والديناميكيات الجارية لإضفاء الطابع المؤسسي والإبتكار. نتيجة هذه التغيرات كان تدريجياً يحل محل ميزة نظام البورصة المحمية في العشر سنوات الماضية. أدت هذه العملية إلى تكامل أوثق للقطاع الثالث في مجال نفوذ السلطات العامة. في الوقت نفسه، مع ذلك، واضح أيضاً ظهور جيل جديد من منظمات القطاع الثالث الذي يجري تجارب مع نماذج مبتكرة لتقديم الخدمات وتنظيم العمل خارج الحدود التقليدية لحالة الشؤون الإجتماعية. تبين الأدلة التجريبية تحيز المخططات التحليلية التي تعتبرالقطاع الثالث أن يكون فاعلاً متبقياً في ديناميكيات تقديم الشؤون الإجتماعية، وأنها تبرز الحاجة إلى تحديث جهاز مفاهيمي مسيطر.
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Borzaga, C., Fazzi, L. Processes of Institutionalization and Differentiation in the Italian Third Sector. Voluntas 22, 409–427 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9159-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9159-z