Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Implications of Sex Differences on Volunteer Preferences

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between sex differences and preferences for volunteer roles, organizations, and supervision. A series of hypotheses were developed from prior research on sex differences from the fields of biology, neuroscience, and psychology to determine whether such preferences can be predicted. An online survey panel of over 700 individuals comprised the sample. Many of the hypotheses were supported. Implications of the findings on future research and on volunteer recruitment and retention are discussed.

Résumé

Cette étude explore les relations qui existent entre les différences de sexe et les préférences concernant les rôles de bénévolat, les organisations et la supervision. Une série d’hypothèses a émergé d’une étude précédente concernant les différences de sexe dans les domaines de la biologie, des neurosciences et de la psychologie, menée afin de déterminer si de telles préférences peuvent être prédites. L’enquête en ligne a été faite auprès d’un échantillon de 700 individus. Nombre de ces hypothèses ont été vérifiées. Nous discutons des conséquences de ces découvertes sur les études à venir ainsi que sur le recrutement et la fidélité des bénévoles.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Studie untersucht die Beziehung zwischen der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit und den Präferenzen hinsichtlich ehrenamtlicher Funktionen, Organisationen und Aufsichtsfunktionen. Beruhend auf früheren Forschungen zu geschlechtspezifischen Unterschieden in den Bereichen Biologie, Neurowissenschaft und Psychologie wurde eine Reihe von Hypothesen entwickelt, um zu ermitteln, ob derartige Präferenzen vorausgesagt werden können. Eine Online-Befragung von über 700 Personen diente als Probe. Viele der Hypothesen bestätigten sich. Implikationen der Ergebnisse für zukünftige Forschungen und die Einstellung sowie Erhaltung ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter werden diskutiert.

Resumen

En el presente estudio se analiza la relación existente entre el sexo y las preferencias por algunas funciones, organizaciones y supervisión de voluntariado. Anteriores estudios formularon una serie de hipótesis sobre las diferencias de sexo en los campos de la biología, la neurociencia y la psicología, con el fin de determinar si era posible predecir este tipo de preferencias. En la muestra se utilizaron 700 personas que participaron en una encuesta en línea y muchas de las hipótesis se confirmaron. Se debaten asimismo las implicaciones de los resultados sobre las futuras investigaciones y sobre el reclutamiento y la retención de voluntarios.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Khalek, A. (2006). Measuring happiness with a single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34(2), 139–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, N., & Meyer, J. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambert, A. (1999). The effect of male delinquency on mothers and fathers: A heuristic study. Sociological Inquiry, 69(4), 621–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. Handbook of socialization theory and research (Vol. 213, p. 262). Chicago: Rand McNally.

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The essential difference: Men women and the extreme male brain. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (2005). The essential difference: The male and female brain. Phi Kappa Phi Forum (Special issue on the human brain). Retrieved Oct. 27, 2010, from http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2005_BC_PhiKappaPhiForum.pdf.

  • Basil, D., Ridgway, N., & Basil, M. (2006). Guilt appeals: The mediating effect of responsibility. Psychology and Marketing, 23(12), 1035–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baucom, D., Besch, P., & Callahan, S. (1985). Relation between testosterone concentration, sex role identity, and personality among females. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 1218–1226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berenbaum, S., & Hines, M. (1992). Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychological Science, 3(3), 203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(2), 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, D. (1998). Sex on the brain: The biological differences between men and women. USA: Penguin Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braunsberger, K., Wybenga, H., & Gates, R. (2007). A comparison of reliability between telephone and web-based surveys. Journal of Business Research, 60(7), 758–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brizendine, L. (2006). The female brain.  Random House Inc.

  • Brizendine, L. (2010). The male brain.  Random House Inc.

  • Browne, K. (1995). Sex and temperament in modern society: A Darwinian view of the glass ceiling and the gender gap. Arizona Law Review, 37, 971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, K. (2002). Biology at work: Rethinking sexual equality.  Rutgers University Press.

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Volunteering in the United States, 2007 from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm.

  • Byrnes, J., Miller, D., & Schafer, W. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L. (2005). His brain, her brain. Scientific American, 292(5), 40–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L., Haier, R., White, N., Fallon, J., Kilpatrick, L., Lawrence, C., et al. (2001). Sex-related difference in amygdala activity during emotionally influenced memory storage. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 75(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (2002). A mind of her own: The evolutionary psychology of women. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Canary, D., & Hause, K. (1993). Is there any reason to research sex differences in communication? Communication Quarterly, 41(2), 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canli, T., Desmond, J., Zhao, Z., & Gabrieli, J. (2002). Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(16), 10789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambre, S. M. (1984). Is volunteering a substitute for role loss in old age? An empirical test of activity theory. The Gerontologist, 24(3), 292–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambré, S. (1993). Volunteerism by elders: Past trends and future prospects. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chodorow, N. (1999). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cnaan, R., & Amrofell, L. (1994). Mapping volunteer activity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(4), 335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cnaan, R., Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996). Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25(3), 364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, B., Tabibnia, G., & Breedlove, S. (1999). A brain sexual dimorphism controlled by adult circulating androgens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(13), 7538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, J., Baer, D., & Grabb, E. (2001). Nations of joiners: Explaining voluntary association membership in democratic societies. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 783–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, J., Grabb, E., & Baer, D. (1992). Voluntary association membership in fifteen countries: A comparative analysis. American Sociological Review, 57(2), 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M., Mitchell, K., Hall, J., Lothert, J., Snapp, T., & Meyer, M. (1999). Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: Personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. Journal of Personality, 67(3), 469–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dupré, J. (2001). Evolution and gender. Women: A Cultural Review, 12(1), 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation.  Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Eagly, A. (2009). The his and hers of prosocial behavior: An examination of the social psychology of gender. American Psychologist, 64(8), 644–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A., & Johnson, B. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A., & Koenig, A. (2006). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implication for prosocial behavior. Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication, 2, 161–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrensaft, D. (1990). Parenting together: Men and women sharing the care of their children. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einolf, C. (2010). Gender differences in the correlates of volunteering and charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/09/28/0899764010385949.

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (1987a). Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men.  Basic Books.

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (1987b). Society writes biology/biology constructs gender. Daedalus, 116(4), 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (2004). Sexing the body.  Basic Books.

  • Febbraro, A. (1997). Gender differences in giving and volunteering. from http://www.givingandvolunteering.ca/factsheets/1997_CA_gender_differences.asp.

  • Filipek, P., Richelme, C., Kennedy, D., & Caviness, V., Jr. (1994). The young adult human brain: An MRI-based morphometric analysis. Cerebral Cortex, 4(4), 344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, M., Penner, L., & Brannick, M. (2005). Motive, role identity, and prosocial personality as predictors of volunteer activity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(4), 403–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, H. (1999). The first sex: The natural talents of women and how they are changing the world. New York: Random House Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M., & Meinhard, A. (2005). Women’s voluntary organizations in Canada: Bridgers, bonders, or both? Voluntas, 16(2), 143–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D., Cummings, L., Dunham, R., & Pierce, J. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(6), 898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development.  Harvard University Press.

  • Glass, L. (1992). He says, she says: Closing the communication gap between the sexes. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golombok, S., & Fivush, R. (1994). Gender development.  Cambridge University Press.

  • Gorsuch, R., & McFarland, S. (1972). Single vs. multiple-item scales for measuring religious values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11(1), 53–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, R., & McPherson, S. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 348–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R., Gunning-Dixon, F., Bilker, W., & Gur, R. (2002). Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex, 12(9), 998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurian, M., Henley, P., & Trueman, T. (2001). Boys and girls learn differently: A guide for teachers and parents.  Jossey-Bass Inc Pub.

  • Gurian, M., & Stevens, K. (2004). With boys and girls in mind. Educational Leadership, 62, 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haski-Leventhal, D. (2009). Elderly Volunteering and well-being: A cross-European comparison based on SHARE data. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20(4), 388–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayghe, H. (1991). Volunteers in the US: Who donates the time. Monthly Labor Review, 114(2), 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M. (2005). Brain gender. USA: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M., & Kaufman, F. (1994). Androgen and the development of human sex-typical behavior: rough-and-tumble play and sex of preferred playmates in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Child Development, 65(4), 1042–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. (1999). Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hürny, C., Bernhard, J., Coates, A., Peterson, H., Castiglione-Gertsch, M., Gelber, R., et al. (1996). Responsiveness of a single-item indicator versus a multi-item scale: Assessment of emotional well-being in an international adjuvant breast cancer trial. Medical Care, 34(3), 234–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hustinx, L. (2007). Brave new volunteers? The value of paid and unpaid work for Flemish Red Cross volunteers. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18(1), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hustinx, L., & Lammertyn, F. (2003). Collective and reflexive styles of volunteering: A sociological modernization perspective. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 14(2), 167–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janoski, T., Musick, M., & Wilson, J. (1998). Being volunteered? The impact of social participation and pro-social attitudes on volunteering. Sociological Forum, 13(3), 495–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. (1996). Attributes of Carnegie medalists performing acts of heroism and of the recipients of these acts. Ethology and Sociobiology, 17(5), 355–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, J., & Turner, B. (2008). The feasibility of single-item measures for organizational justice. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12, 237–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, S., Ostrowski, N., & Wilson, M. (1999). Gender differences in brain and behavior: Hormonal and neural bases. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 64(4), 655–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (1996). Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6(2), 259–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (2000). Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D. (2002). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American, 12(1), 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammers, J. (1991). Attitudes, motives, and demographic predictors of volunteer commitment and service duration. Journal of Social Service Research, 14(3), 125–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legato, M., & Tucker, L. (2005). Why men never remember and women never forget. New York: Rodale Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemon, M., Palisi, B., & Jacobson, P. (1972). Dominant statuses and involvement in formal voluntary associations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1(2), 30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmeier, J. (2008). Promoting volunteerism: Effects of self-efficacy, advertisement-induced emotional arousal, perceived costs of volunteering, and message framing. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(1), 43–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lips, H. M. (2001). Sex and gender. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. (1999). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together.  Harvard University Press.

  • Mesch, D., Rooney, P., Steinberg, K., & Denton, B. (2006). The effects of race, gender, and marital status on giving and volunteering in Indiana. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(4), 565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moir, A., & Moir, B. (2003). Why men don’t iron: The fascinating and unalterable differences between men and women.  Citadel Press.

  • Morin, R. (1997, August 6). Is there a heroism gender gap? Washington Post.

  • Nagy, M. (2002). Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro, M. (2001, February 13). Women in sports cultivating new playing fields. The New York Times.

  • Palisi, B., & Korn, B. (1989). National trends in voluntary association memberships: 1974–1984. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 18(2), 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pease, A., & Pease, B. (2001). Why men don’t listen and women can’t read maps: How were different and what to do about it. New York: Broadway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pease, A., & Pease, B. (2002). Why men lie and women cry. London: Orion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penner, L. (2002). Dispositional and organizational influences on sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 447–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, L., Dovidio, J., Piliavin, J., & Schroeder, D. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Psychology, 56(1), 365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, L., & Finkelstein, M. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 525–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piper, G., & Schnepf, S. (2008). Gender differences in charitable giving in Great Britain. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(2), 103–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasche, C. (1991). Special needs of the female offender: A curriculum guide for correctional officers: Tallahassee. FL: Florida State Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, S. (2004). Taking sex differences seriously.  Encounter Books.

  • Rivara, F., Bergman, A., LoGerfo, J., & Weiss, N. (1982). Epidemiology of childhood injuries: II. Sex differences in injury rates. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 136(6), 502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, R., Hendin, H., & Trzesniewski, K. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A. (1985). Gender and the life course.  Aldine de Gruyter.

  • Russell, J., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G. (1989). Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 493–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbatini, R. M. E. (1997). Are there differences between the brains of males and females? Brain & Mind Online Magazine, 12(11). Retrieved from http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n11/mente/eisntein/cerebro-homens.html.

  • Sax, L., & Todd, R. (2005). Why gender matters. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer, T., Harris, G., Tien, A., Peng, L., Lee, S., & Pearlson, G. (1995). Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 61(3), 129–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. (1994). Determinants of voluntary association participation and volunteering: A literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(3), 243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M., Clary, E., & Stukas, A. (2000). The functional approach to volunteerism. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp. 365–393). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. (2002). Do men have anger in mind? Washington Post.

  • Stephan, P. (1991). Relationships among market work, work aspirations, and volunteering: The case of retired women. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 20(2), 225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tooley, J. (2002). The miseducation of women. London: Continuum Intl Pub Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyre, P., & Scelfo, J. (2006). Why girls will be girls. Newsweek, 148, 46–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udry, J. (1994). The nature of gender. Demography, 31(4), 561–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udry, J. (2000). Biological limits of gender construction. American Sociological Review, 65(3), 443–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udry, J., Morris, N., & Kovenock, J. (1995). Androgen effects on women’s gendered behaviour. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27(03), 359–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanous, J., Reichers, A., & Hudy, M. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (2000a). Sociobiology: The new synthesis (25th ed.). Boston: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. (2000b). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1985). Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: The young male syndrome. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6(1), 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1997). Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 694–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1998). The contribution of social resources to volunteering. Social Science Quarterly, 79(4), 799–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1999). Attachment to volunteering. Sociological Forum, 14(2), 243–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wizemann, T., & Pardue, M. (2001). Exploring the biological contributions to human health: Does sex matter. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodson, J., & Gorski, R. (2000). Structural sex differences in the mammalian brain: Reconsidering the male/female dichotomy. In A. Matsumoto (Ed.), Sexual differentiation of the brain (pp. 229–255). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (1993). Acts of compassion: Caring for others and helping ourselves.  Princeton University Press.

  • Wuthnow, R. (1994). Sharing the journey: Support groups and America’s new quest for community.  Free Press.

  • Wymer, W. (1996). Formal volunteering as a function of values, self-esteem, empathy, and facilitation. Doctoral thesis, Indiana University.

  • Wymer, W. (2007). Implications of sexual dimorphism on volunteer recruitment and retention. In A. Sargeant & W. Wymer (Eds.), The Routledge companion to nonprofit marketing (pp. 373–386). Oxon, England: Routledge.

  • Wymer, W., Riecken, G., & Yavas, U. (1996). Determinants of volunteerism: A cross-disciplinary review and research agenda. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 4, 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wymer, W., & Samu, S. (2002). Volunteer service as symbolic consumption: Gender and occupational differences in volunteering. Journal of Marketing Management, 18(9), 971–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wymer, W., & Self, D. (1999). Major research studies: An annotated bibliography of marketing to volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 6(2), 107–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 126–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This study was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Management, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

    Walter Wymer

Authors
  1. Walter Wymer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Walter Wymer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wymer, W. The Implications of Sex Differences on Volunteer Preferences. Voluntas 22, 831–851 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9174-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9174-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation