Abstract
In contemporary societies an increasing number of social needs have to be financed by market activities. In this regard, scholars started to discuss whether ‘Social Innovation’, ‘Social Entrepreneurship’, ‘CSR’, ‘Social Enterprise’, ‘Enterprising Nonprofits’, and ‘Social Business’ are able to provide solutions for financially sustainable social services. Just how these so-called Hybrid Organizations balance the tension between social and economic issues still requires conceptualization. This paper introduces the following definition based on the literature on organizational identity, civil society, and marketized nonprofits: Hybrids are characterized by an organizational identity that systematically integrates civil society and markets, exchange communal solidarity for financial and non-financial resources, calculate the market value of communal solidarity, and trade this solidarity for financial and nonfinancial resources. In other words they “Create Functional Solidarity”. Criteria to empirically observe Hybrid Organizations are also introduced and compared to similar concepts. The paper concludes with an outline of a research agenda.
Résumé
Dans les sociétés modernes, un nombre croissant de besoins sociaux doit être financé par les activités du marché. Dans ce contexte, les chercheurs ont commencé à se demander si l’ « innovation sociale » , l’ « entrepreneuriat social » , la « responsabilité sociale des entreprises » , l’ « entrepreneuriat à but non lucratif » et le « commerce social » parvenaient à offrir des solutions pour établir des services sociaux capables de durer financièrement. Il reste encore à conceptualiser la façon dont ces organisations dites hybrides arrivent à concilier problèmes sociaux et économiques. Cet article présente la définition suivante, inspirée par les recherches sur l’identité organisationnelle, la société civile et les organisations à but non lucratif concurrentielles : les organisations hybrides se caractérisent par une identité organisationnelle qui intègre systématiquement société civile et marchés, en échangeant une solidarité communale contre des ressources financières et non-financières. En d’autres termes, elles « créent une solidarité fonctionnelle » .Nous présentons aussi des critères pour l’observation empirique des organisations à but non lucratif. Nous comparons aussi ces critères à des concepts similaires. Nous concluons cet article en esquissant un programme de recherche.
Zusammenfassung
In heutigen Gesellschaften müssen immer mehr soziale Bedürfnisse durch Marktaktivitäten finanziert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang begannen Wissenschaftler und Gelehrte eine Diskussion darüber, ob die Konzepte „soziale Innovation“, „soziales Unternehmertum“, „soziale Verantwortung von Unternehmen“, „soziale Unternehmen“, „unternehmerische Nonprofit-Organisationen“und „Social Business“Lösungen für finanziell nachhaltige soziale Dienstleistungen bereitstellen können. Nur wie diese sogenannten hybriden Organisationen die Spannung zwischen sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Aspekten ausgleichen, bleibt bislang dahingestellt. Beruhend auf der Literatur zur organisatorischen Identität, Bürgergesellschaft und Vermarktlichung der Nonprofit-Organisationen präsentiert dieser Beitrag die folgende Definition: Hybride Organisationen zeichnen sich durch eine organisatorische Identität aus, die die Bürgergesellschaft und die Märkte systematisch integriert, sie ersetzen die kommunale Solidarität mit finanziellen und nicht finanziellen Ressourcen, kalkulieren den Marktwert der kommunalen Solidarität und tauschen diese Solidarität gegen finanzielle und nicht finanzielle Ressourcen ein. Mit anderen Worten: Sie „schaffen eine funktionale Solidarität“.Es werden zudem Kriterien für eine empirische Beobachtung der hybriden Organisationen vorgestellt und mit ähnlichen Konzpeten verglichen. Der Beitrag schließt mit dem Entwurf eines Forschungsplans.
Resumen
En las sociedades contemporáneas, un creciente número de necesidades sociales tienen que ser financiadas por actividades de mercado. En este sentido, los eruditos comenzaron a discutir si la “innovación social”, el “emprendimiento social”, la “responsabilidad social corporativa”, la “empresa social”, las “organizaciones emprendedoras sin ánimo de lucro”, y el “negocio social” pueden proporcionar soluciones para lograr servicios sociales sostenibles financieramente. Cómo estas denominadas organizaciones híbridas equilibran la tensión entre los problemas sociales y económicos todavía requiere conceptualización. El presente documento introduce la siguiente definición basándose en el material publicado sobre identidad organizativa, sociedad civil y organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro mercantilizadas. Las organizaciones híbridas se caracterizan por una identidad organizativa que integra sistemáticamente la sociedad civil y los mercados, intercambia solidaridad comunal por recursos financieros y no financieros, calcula el valor de mercado de la solidaridad comunal y comercia dicha solidaridad para la obtención de recursos financieros y no financieros. En otras palabras, “Crean solidaridad funcional”. También se presentan criterios para observar empíricamente a las Organizaciones Híbridas y para compararlas con conceptos similares. El documento concluye con un esbozo de una agenda de investigación.
摘要
在现代社会中,越来越多的社会需求需要由市场活动提供资金。在这一方面,学者们开始讨论是否“社会创新”、“社会企业家精神”、“企业社会精神”、“社会企业”、“非营利创业”和“社会化商业”能为财务可持续的社会服务提供解决方案。这些所谓的“混合组织”如何平衡社会问题和经济问题仍然进行概念化解释。本文将根据组织身份、公民社会和市场化非营利机构相关文献,推出以下定义:混合组织具备的组织身份系统性地结合公民社会和市场,以社区团结换取财务和非财务资源,计算社区团结的市场价值,以此团结换取财务和非财务资源。换言之,它们“创造了功能性团结”。本文还介绍了实证观察“混合组织”的标准,并将其与类似的概念进行对比。本文在结语篇列示了研究议程。
ملخص
في المجتمعات المعاصرة عدد متزايد من الإحتياجات الإجتماعية يجب أن يتم تمويلها من أنشطة السوق. في هذا الصدد، بدأ العلماء مناقشة ما إذا كان “الإبتكار الإجتماعي ‘،’ الريادة الإجتماعية ‘،’ المسؤولية الإجتماعية للشركات”(CSR) ، “المؤسسة الإجتماعية”، “خطط لمشاريع غير ربحية “ و “الأعمال الاجتماعية” قادرون على توفير حلول للخدمات الإجتماعية المستدامة ماليا˝. فقط كيف هذا الذي يسمى بالمنظمات الهجين يحقق توازن التوتر بين القضايا الإجتماعية والإقتصادية لا يزال يحتاج إلى تصور. يقدم هذا البحث التعريف التالي إستنادا إلى الأدب في الهوية التنظيمية والمجتمع المدني والمنظمات الغير ربحية: إدخال اقتصاد السوق الحر: يتميز التهجين من قبل الهوية التنظيمية التي تدمج المجتمع المدني والأسواق بشكل منتظم، وتبادل التضامن من جميع أفراد المجتمع للموارد المالية وغير المالية، وحساب القيمة السوقية للتضامن من جميع أفراد المجتمع، يتداول هذا التضامن الموارد المالية و الغير مالية. بعبارة أخرى أنها “إنشاء تضامن وظيفي”. كما قدم معايير لمراقبة تجريبية للمنظمات المهجنة وبالمقارنة مع مفاهيم مماثلة. يختتم البحث الخطوط العريضة لجدول أعمال البحوث.
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Jäger, U.P., Schröer, A. Integrated Organizational Identity: A Definition of Hybrid Organizations and a Research Agenda. Voluntas 25, 1281–1306 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9386-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9386-1