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Defining the Universe of Social Enterprise: Competing Metaphors

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Abstract

After more than a decade of research the debate over social enterprise definitions and classifications continues. EMES network in Europe argues that there is an ideal type of social enterprise to which all ventures should aspire. The spectrum approach emphasizes the trade-off between pure profit-making and social impact, locating organizations on this continuum. The Schumpeterians take innovation as its central focus, arguing that the disruption of the status quo is an important differentiator. We argue that each falls short of providing an adequate framework for future research, policy, and practice. Instead we offer an alternative metaphor, that of a social enterprise zoo; many different “animals” combine social and market goals in substantially different ways and each species has distinct environments and needs. Using the metaphor we consider the important components of a meaningful research agenda and examine the place of social entrepreneurs within the social enterprise zoo.

Résumé

Après plus d’une décennie de recherche, le débat portant sur les définitions et les classifications de l’entreprise sociale persiste. En Europe, le réseau EMES défend l’idée qu’il existe un type idéal d’entreprise sociale auquel toutes devraient se conformer. L’approche englobante, elle, met l’accent sur le compromis entre but lucratif pur et impact social, et place les organisations sur ce continuum. Les Schumpeteriens considèrent l’innovation comme objectif central, arguant que la perturbation du status quo est un facteur important de différentiation. Nous soutenons que chacune de ces approches échoue à fournir un cadre adéquat pour l’avenir, que ce soit en termes de recherche, de politique ou de pratiques. En lieu et place, nous proposons une autre métaphore : celle d’un zoo d’entreprises sociales, dans lequel de nombreux « animaux » différents combinent des objectifs sociaux et commerciaux de manières substantiellement différentes, chaque espèce ayant de plus un environnement et des besoins propres. En exploitant cette métaphore, nous prenons en compte les éléments importants d’un calendrier de recherche pertinent et nous examinons la place des entrepreneurs sociaux dans ce zoo d’entreprises sociales.

Zusammenfassung

Nach mehr als einem Jahrzehnt langer Forschung geht die Diskussion über die Definitionen und Klassifikationen von Sozialunternehmen weiter. Das EMES-Netzwerk in Europa meint, dass es ein optimales Sozialunternehmen gibt, dem alle Unternehmen nachstreben sollten. Der breite Ansatz hebt den Kompromiss zwischen reiner Gewinnorientierung und sozialen Auswirkungen hervor und ermittelt Organisationen auf diesem Kontinuum. Die Schumpeterianer betrachten Innovation als zentralen Brennpunkt und behaupten, dass die Störung des Status Quo ein bedeutendes Unterscheidungsmerkmal ist. Wir vertreten die Auffassung, dass keiner der beiden Ansätze ein angemessenes Regelwerk für zukünftige Forschungen, Richtlinien und Praktiken bereitstellt. Stattdessen bieten wir eine alternative Metapher an und sprechen vom Zoo sozialer Unternehmen; viele verschiedene „Tiere“ verbinden soziale und marktbezogene Ziele auf ganz unterschiedliche Weise, wobei sich die Umwelt und individuellen Bedürfnisse jeder Tierart unterscheiden. Mit der Verwendung dieser Metapher betrachten wir die wichtigen Komponenten eines sinnvollen Forschungsplans und untersuchen den Platz der Sozialunternehmer innerhalb des Zoos der sozialen Unternehmen.

Resumen

Después de más de una década de investigación, el debate sobre las definiciones y clasificaciones de la empresa social continúa. La red EMES en Europa argumenta que existe un tipo ideal de empresa social a la que deben aspirar todas las empresas. El enfoque de espectro hace hincapié en el compromiso entre la simple generación de ingresos y el impacto social, situando a las organizaciones en este continuo. Los seguidores de Schumpeter toman la innovación como su foco central, argumentando que la alteración del status quo es un diferenciador importante. Nosotros argumentamos que ambos enfoques se quedan cortos a la hora de proporcionar un marco adecuado para futuras investigaciones, políticas y prácticas. En cambio ofrecemos una metáfora alternativa, la de un zoo de empresa social; muchos “animales” diferentes que combinan metas sociales y de mercado de formas sustancialmente diferentes y en el que cada especie tiene entornos y necesidades distintos. Utilizando la metáfora, consideramos los importantes componentes de una agenda de investigación significativa y examinamos el lugar de los emprendedores sociales dentro del zoo de empresa social.

摘要

经过了十多年的研究,有关社会企业定义和分类的争论仍难平息。欧洲EMES网络认为,的确有一种所有企业均应追求的社会企业类型。系列划分法强调纯盈利和社会效应之间的平衡,将所有组织整合为一个统一体。熊彼特经济学说主张者视创新为当务之急,认为打破现状是一种重要的差异。我们认为,今后研究,政策和做法的框架严重不足。这里我们有一种替代性暗喻,那就是社会企业动物园。多种不同的“动物”以迥异的方式整合社会与市场目标,各个物种身处不同的环境,拥有相异的需求。在使用暗喻时,我们考虑了重要的研究日程组件并研究了社会企业家在社会企业动物园中的具体定位。

ملخص

النقاش حول تعريف المشاريع الاجتماعية والتصنيفات بعد أكثر من عشر سنوات من البحث لا يزال مستمرا˝. شبكة الأبحاث (EMES) في أوروبا تجادل في أن هناك نوع مثالي من المشاريع الإجتماعية التي ينبغي لجميع المشاريع أن تسعى له. نهج قاطع يؤكد على المفاضلة بين تحقيق الربح الصافي والتأثيرالإجتماعي ٬ تحديد مكان المنظمات في هذا التواصل. الذين يتبعون الإقتصادي جوزيف شومبيتر(Schumpeter) يأخذون الإبتكار كتركيز مركزي، بحجة أن إضطراب الوضع الراهن هو مميز مهم. إننا نجادل أن كل واحد فشل في توفير إطار ملائم للبحث في المستقبل، السياسة، الممارسة. بدلا˝ من ذلك نحن نقدم إستعارة بديلة، حديقة حيوان المشاريع الإجتماعية التي يراعى فيها المصلحة المشتركة مع مراعاة الطبيعية الخاصة لكل حيوان؛ العديد من “الحيوانات” المختلفة تجمع بين أهداف السوق الإجتماعي وبطرق مختلفة إلى حد كبير وكل الأنواع لديها البيئات والإحتياجات المتميزة. بإستخدام الإستعارة نحن نعتبر العناصر المهمة في جدول أعمال البحوث ذات مغزى ودراسة المكان لأصحاب المشاريع الإجتماعية داخل حديقة حيوان المشاريع الإجتماعية.

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Notes

  1. There are some interesting operational challenges in using these definitions for research. Is a neighborhood crime reduction program large enough in scale to be considered to impact society at large? If an individual has a grand vision and fails (as many entrepreneurs do) would she still be considered a social entrepreneur under Ashoka’s definition? If not, can you feasibly define a study population or does the criterion of success create a tautology?

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Correspondence to Jesse D. Lecy.

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Young, D.R., Lecy, J.D. Defining the Universe of Social Enterprise: Competing Metaphors. Voluntas 25, 1307–1332 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9396-z

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