1 Introduction
2 Information Requirements for Basin Planning and Management
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Resource assessment: resource condition and trend, including spatial and temporal variation in availability, sufficiency, equity and sustainability of supply.
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Vulnerability assessment: response of the system to unplanned change (such as climate change, demographic change).
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Impact assessment: effectiveness and impacts of proposed development (response of the system to planned change).
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Flood risk assessment, prediction and early warning.
3 Nile
3.1 Description and Water Resource Issues
3.2 Hydrological Models
Model | Type | Area | Source | Nile application |
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Nile Basin DST river simulation | River simulation – static and dynamic multi-reservoir coordination rules (optimization model | Nile Basin 10 day | Georgakakos (2006) | Nile Basin Initiative - assess development scenarios and water sharing strategies |
Nile Basin DST watershed model | Hydrological model (rainfall – runoff) | Nile Basin 10 day | Georgakakos (2006) | Nile Basin Initiative - assess development scenarios and water sharing strategies |
NileSim | Network simulation allowing manipulation of storage | Nile Basin monthly | Levy and Baecher (2006) | Learning tool for complex river behaviour – scenario assessemnt |
Ribasim-nile | River routing model, forced by observed sub-catchment runoff | Nile Basin above Aswan monthly | MWRI/Deltares (2009b) | Assess the effects of upstream developments on Lake Nasser inflows. Used with NFS to simulate impacts of climate change. |
NHSM (Nile Hydrological Simulation Model) | RIBASIM (water distribution and allocation) plus HBV (rainfall runoff) | Nile Basin monthly | Impacts of climate change; analysis of water resources development scenarios. | |
Nile Forecasting System | Distributed 2-layer non-linear water balance plus hill slope model and kinematic routing | Nile Basin Daily 5 km grid | Sayed and Saad (2002) | Satellite-driven distributed hydrological modelling system for operational simulation and forecasting of inflow to AHD |
WEAP | Water balance | Nile Basin; Blue Nile and Lake Tana basin monthly | Evaluation of water resource development scenarios for the Nile Basin, with more detailed studies in Blue Nile basin and Lake Tana basin | |
Arc Hydro | Nile Basin | Tada et al. (2007) | Test use of SRTM-3 DEM in hydrological models for Nile | |
CPWF Basin model | Water account | Nile Basin monthly 25-sub-basins | Kirby et al. (2010a) | Assess impact of climate change on water resource Water productivity assessment |
SWAT | Rainfall-runoff model | Sub-basins daily | See van Griensven et al. (2012); | >20 applications in sub-basins in upper Nile countries |
Galway Flow-forecasting systems models | 5 rainfall-runoff models: | Five Nile sub-basins | Bashar et al. (2006) | Assessment of suitability of models for use in Nile Basin – FRIEND-Nile project |
Nile Research institute and hydraulics research institute | Hydrodynamic and sediment transport models – 9 model suites | Nile downstream of Aswan Dam | Shawki et al. (2005) | Nine different model suites (DELFT, HEC-6, HEC-2SR, SMS and others) Flood forecasting and monitoring, dam operations, barrage and canal operations and management |
Waves | Hybrid 1D-2D catchment/channel model | Whole basin (1D) with detail available for some sub-basins | Shawki et al. (2005) | Flood simulation |
Hydro-economic model | Stochastic flow generator; hydrological simulation model (based on Nile-DST); economic model (Monte Carlo) | Blue Nile | Jeuland (2010) | Assessing economic value of infrastructure under uncertain climate, hydrological and economic conditions |
3.3 Cost
3.4 Analysis
4 Mekong
4.1 Description and Water Resources Issues
4.2 Hydrological Models
Model | Application | Area | Source | Mekong application |
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SWAT | Rainfall-runoff model in MRC DSF | LMB 700 sub-basins daily | MRC MRC Technical Reports, described in Adamson (2006) | MRC DSF – input data for IQQM sediment yield and transport |
SLURP | Semi-distributed hydrological model | LMB | Hydrology of Mekong – fisheries impacts Climate change impacts | |
VIC | Distributed hydrological model | Whole basin Daily | Hydrology, sediment transport; carbon cycle climate change trade-offs between hydropower and fisheries | |
VMod | Distributed hydrological model | Whole basin 5×5 km grid Sub-basins 0.01 to 5 km grid Daily | Basin wide model developed by EIA Ltd under IKMP programme of MRC. Several smaller scale applications exists, e.g. for Nam Songkhram sub-basin; 3S sub-basin Downstream impacts of hydropower dams on the Upper Mekong in China (CSUDP) | |
SWAT and HEC-ResSim | Reservoir operations and hydrological model | 3S region Daily, 20 year | Piman et al. (2012) | Impact of dam construction and operation on flows |
YHyM | Distributed hydrological and water quality model | Whole basin Daily 1972 - 2000 | Yoshimura et al. (2009) | Hydrological model to simulate nutrient loads in the Mekong. |
GR2M | 2-paramter lumped rainfall-runoff model | Lower Mekong Basin monthly | Lacombe et al. (2010) | determine the broad-scale hydrological impact of bomb–induced deforestation and post–exodus forest regrowth |
Lancang model | Rainfall – runoff model | UMB | Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping Liu et al. (2007) | Lancang flows |
IQQM | Water balance, flow routing | LMB to Kratie daily | MRC MRC Technical reports, described in Adamson (2006) | MRC DSF – Scenario assessment Assessment of flow regimes as input to negotiation of rules and procedures for water utilisation |
CPWF water account | Water accounting | LMB monthly | Assess impact of climate change on water resource water productivity assessment | |
MikeBasin | Water balance, flow routing | LMB to Kratie | NORPLAN and EcoLao for ADB ADB (2004) | CIA for Nam Theun 2 |
iSIS | Hydrodynamic model | Tonle Sap and Delta Hourly/daily | MRC – Halcrow MRC Technical Reports, described in Adamson (2006) | MRC DSF – Scenario assessment sediment transport |
VRSAP | Hydrodynamic model | Delta hourly/daily | Water allocation in the Mekong delta; sluice gate operations | |
EIA 3D model | Hydrologic, hydrodynamic & WQ models | Sub-basins of LMB | Modelling of Tonle Sap flood pulse modelling of Songkhram basin modelling of delta sediment transport and erosion; nutrient transport | |
MIKE21 | Hydrodynamic model | Cambodian floodplain | MRC WUP-JICA Fuji et al. (2003) | Modelling of Cambodian floodplain |
MIKE11 | Hydrodynamic model | Tonle Sap and Delta | NORPLAN and EcoLao for ADB ADB (2004) | CIA for Nam Theun 2 |
Hydrodynamic model | Mekong Delta | Khem et al. (2006) | Inundation models for the Delta | |
HEC-ResSim | Sesan-SrePok-Sekong | 3S Basins Project (ADB) http://www.3sbasin.org/
| Reservoir simulation to improve coordination and beneficial impacts of future development initiatives | |
Unified River Basin Simulator (URBS) | Rainfall runoff and routing model | LMB hourly | MRC Flood Forecasting System Tospornsampan et al. (2009) | Flood forecasting - coupled with iSIS hydrodynamic model using the Delft-FEWS Platform |
4.3 Cost
4.4 Analysis
5 Ganges
5.1 Description and Water Resource Issues
5.2 Hydrological Models
Model | Application | Area | Source | Ganges application |
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SWAT | Process-based continuous hydrological model | Ganges basin 414 sub-basins Daily | Water availability and basin water balance under climate change GSBA - water balance, irrigation use, water quality, and climate change implications on hydrology in a more detailed spatial perspective; water quality implications of scenarios | |
MIKE-BASIN MIKE 11 hydrodynamic; MIKE 21 salinity | Hydrological and hydrodynamic models | Ganges Basin Daily ~100 sub-basins | World Bank (2012) IWM Bangladesh | GSBA – system linkages, hydrological impact of development and climate scenarios. Linked to economic optimisation |
GSBA economic optimisation model | Node and link network | Ganges Basin (77 inflow nodes; 29 + 23 dams, 34 irrigation nodes) Annual | World Bank (2012) | Economic value of hydropower, irrigation, reduced flood damage; increased low flows |
SWAT | Process-based continuous hydrological model | Upper Ganges Basin 2000 – (2005) 21 sub-basins Daily – calibrated monthly | Bharati et al. (2011) | Impacts of CC and infrastructure on hydrology |
SWAT | Simulated daily, accumulate to monthly 21 sub-basins | WWF (2011) | Environmental flow requirements | |
CPWF water account (Ganges) | Top-down lumped model | Ganges basin monthly 14 sub-catchments | Simple basin scale water account | |
HEPEX | Lumped catchment model (CLM) and a sub-catchment distributed model (SDM) – coupled nonlinear two-layer model | Ganges and Bramaputra SDM uses 0.5o grid Daily | Hopson and Webster (2010) | Operational real-time forecasts of river discharge into Bangladesh at daily to seasonal timestep – flood forecasting. |
“Super-Model” Run since 1998 | MIKE11 HD linked to MIKE 11 RR | Bangladesh including Ganges Daily 16 stations | Bangladesh Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre (FFWC) - Flood forecasting – operational, daily 1D hydrodynamic model (MIKE 11 HD) incorporating all major rivers and floodplains. linked to a lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff model (MIKE 11 RR) which generates inflows from catchments within the country. | |
WEAP | Water allocation | Ganges basin 53 sub-basins upstream Farakka; 65 in all monthly | de Condappa et al. (2009) | Assessment and planning of water resources, contribution of glacier melt, impact of climate change |
Snowmelt Runoff Model | Runoff regime of the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins | |||
Satellite altimetry Topex/Poseidon | Bangladesh | Biancamaria et al. (2011) | Flood forecasting Biancamaria et al. (2011) | |
PAR | periodic autoregressive model | Mondal and Wasimi (2006) | Monthly flow forecasting and generation | |
LPJmL model | Global dynamic vegetation and hydrology model, | Ganges basin 0.5° resolution | High Noon project - impacts of climate change on mountain regions Also uses SWAT. Includes crop growth and reservoir operation modules | |
HECS-HMS | Indian part of Ganges basin 1965–68.17 sub-basins, 37 reaches Simulated daily based on monthly data | Gourdji et al. (2008) | National River Linking Project No snowmelt method; no diversions, dams, or irrigation | |
Water quality model | Discharge as function of tributary watershed area using ANCOVA; combined with multiple linear regression of pollutant loadings | Ganges basin | Lacy (2006) | Pollutant loads and water quality to assess Ganges Action Plan |
ANN (Artifical Neural Networks) | Data driven model using travel time and flowlength. | Ganges basin 1 km2 DEM 0.25 TRMM Daily | Akhtar et al. (2009) | Flow forecasting using satellite rainfall data Alternative to forecasting with hydrological models |
Stochastic flow prediction | Stochastic Thomas - Fiering model | Monthly Ganges Basin inflows to Bangladesh | Tarekul and Yoshihita (2009) | Planning of water resources projects in Ganges dependent area in Bangladesh |
5.3 Costs
5.4 Analysis
6 Indus Basin
6.1 Description and Water Resource Issues
6.2 Hydrological Models
Model | Type | Area | Source | Indus application |
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IBMR-III (Indus Basin Model Revised) | Hydrologic network model with agro-economic and irrigation optimization | Indus sub-basins (Rechna Doab, Lower Chenab Canal) Annual/monthly/10 day | Jehangir and Ashfaq (2003), IWMI (1997) | Scenarios for the management of salinity, including economic feasibility; reallocation of irrigation supplies |
Updated IBMR | Indus basin (surface water only) – 14 agro-climatic zones Annual/monthly/10 day | Alam and Olsthoorn (2011) | Assess level of increase of crest for Mangla dam; based on conjunctive surface and groundwater use | |
WEAP | Water accounting and allocation | 14 sub-basins, monthly | De Condappa et al. (2009) | Assessment and planning of water resources, contribution of glacier melt, impact of climate change |
SWAT AVSWAT | Rainfall-runoff model using 11 years of daily data from 22 climate stations | Indus Basin – 346 HRUs Daily | Khan et al. (2000) | Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) – ongoing: potential of Indus for extension of irrigation and generation of hydropower to meet the increasing demand for food and energy in the country |
SWAT | Rainfall-runoff model | Indus Basin Daily | Cheema (2012) | Basin scale assessment of agricultural water use |
SWAT | Upper Indus and Mangala Basin Daily (1994–2003) | Climate change impact on the hydrological cycle and on water resources | ||
UBC model | Semi-distributed hydrological model | Indus Basin Daily | University of British Colombia Quick and Pipes (1977) | Short-term forecasting of river inflows by WAPDA (generate inputs for MODSIM and others for WAPDA) |
HBV linked to PRECIS RCM | Semi-distributed, hydrological model linked to global climate model | Hunza, Gilget and Astore sub-basins | Akhtar et al. (2008) | Impact of CC on flows |
SWAM | Stream water availability model based on topological model and global climate data | Upper Indus Basin | Mukhopadhyay and Dutta (2010) | Stream water availability in un-gauged basin (including snowmelt) |
DHSVM | Distributed-Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model | Pakistan | Global Change Impact Studies Centre, Pakistan http://www.gcisc.org.pk/Water.aspx
| Real-time hydrological forecasting by integrating DHSVM with MM5 (meso-scale atmospheric model). |
PWRI | Distributed surface – groundwater – river flow model | Upper and middle Indus basin 2 hourly, (2008)-2010 | Aziz and Tanaka (2011) | Flood forecasting |
Delft-FEWS | Hydrological | Indus basin | Flood forecasting/early warning | |
Indus 21 WCAP | Flow forecasting model | Mangla basin, Upper Indus | Improved snow melt and flow forecast for Mangla Basin | |
FEGWST | 3D finite element groundwater and salinity model | Lower Indus | Chandio et al. (2012) | Groundwater flow and saline intrusion in response to groundwater pumping |
FEFLOW | Finite element – 2D and 3D | irrigated area of the Rechna Doab | Sarwar and Eggers (2006) | conjunctive use model to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources. |
FEFLOW 3D | Upper Chaj Doab | Ashraf and Ahmad (2006) | Regional groundwater decline since 1999; scenarios for impact of extreme climatic conditions (drought/flood) and variable groundwater abstraction on the regional groundwater system. | |
MODFLOW, MT3D | Groundwater model | Ali et al. (2004) | Salinity; performance of scavenger wells |